JUNE :: essays research papers

To Pay or Not to Pay     June Stephensons passage is about how work force mail the most crime in America and wowork force argon still expected to be their unfair sh be for male pursuit. June suggests that since men outnumber women ninety-four to six men should pay ane deoxycytidine monophosphate dollars to a greater extent in their IRS returns. The author carries a chauvinist tone by means of out the passage and re ally go abouts carried away when she climb ups blaming all men because we argon all brothers. I strongly disagree We can non start pointing fingers and say men commit most of the crime, so men pee to pay more measurees. I especially disagree with the statement that we all share the blame for crime, because we are all brothers. How can she expect that us as men take responsibility for actions of other men?     The head start reason I disagree is because why should men pay more tax than women, it is like saying if more Lat ino or sable men are in prison Latino and black men should pay more taxes. Does a commuter that uses the freeway pentad or more times a week pay more tax than a person who does not commute to work and uses the freeway five time in a year? Does a taxpayer with five children pay more school tax than a taxpayer with no kids? We as taxpayers get taxed according to our income not on how much we use tax money.      another(prenominal) reason I strongly disagree with Junes passage is when she says Your brothers are murders, stock market manipulators, gang rapists, robbers, arsonists, litters, polluters, and child abusers. What? Women do not commit any of these crimes. The author thinks that just being a male one has to share the blame for crimes because it is our brothers. That is the most illogical and ridiculous thing, I get ever read in my life. Does June share the blame for those women who are in prison because it is her sisters.Finally I disagree about how men d o not take responsibly for their contri hardlyion to the violence in this country. June says, This pastoral cannot count on its men to rectify its violent nature. Maybe not all men take responsibly for their contribution to violence but not all men are criminals, there are more men who work hard to rectify violence. Imagine how violence would be if all men did nothing to rectify violence it would be a total chaos.

More Evidence Needed to Support George Ritzers McDonaldization Thesis :: George Ritzer McDonaldization Thesis

More Evidence Needed to Support George Ritzers McDonaldization dissertationThe McDonaldization Thesis presupposes some familiarity with Ritzers earlier work, The McDonaldization of Society (1993), in which he defines McDonaldization as the process by which the principles of the fast-food liberalisationaurant are coming to dominate much and more sectors of American society as well as the rest of the world (1). These principles include efficiency, predictability, calculability (or an dialect on quantification), and control (especially via non-human technologies). Taken together, they list the formal (functional or instrumental) rationality that undergirds McDonaldization. In the present work, Ritzer continues to sound the alarm system by depicting McDonaldization as a largely one-way process in which a series of American innovations are being sharp exported to much of the rest of the world (8).Although the precedent acknowledges that the McDonaldization thesis is rooted in Webers reflections on rationality, specifically the notion of the iron cage of rationality, he prefers the informality of Mannheims thinking on the subject. The latter, for example, locates the fundamental irrationality of highly rationalized systems, such as McDonaldized ones, in threats to the ability to think whereas, the former emphasizes threats to human values, an area the author deems unnecessarily messy for the purposes of his theoretical analysis. The author further justifies this position by noting the cognitive demands of the present post-industrial system in which human beings live. Indeed, it is the dehumanization resulting from the simultaneous increase in functional rationality and decrease in solid rationality, which rationalized systems demand and perpetuate, that animates the author.The author introduces the concept of the new means of outgo to garnish the ways in which not only business, but cultural, practices are jeopardise by McDonaldization. Defined as those th ings owned by capitalists and rendered by them as necessary to customers in order for them to consume (91), examples of the new means of consumption include fast-food restaurants, credit cards, mega-malls, home shopping television networks, and cybermalls. The critical stratum for the author is that each changes the ways individuals consume. For example, the exportation of fast-food restaurants and American eating habits, with their emphasis on food as something to be consumed as quickly, efficiently, and inexpensively as possible, alters the way people eat and, thereby, poses a profound threat to the inherent cultural complex of many societies (8). There is a distinct prescriptive dimension to the concept of the new means of consumption, which is evident in the authors pressure sensation that they constrain individuals to buy more than they need and to spend more than they should (119).

Postpartum Hemorrhage Essay

Postpartum eject (PPH) is a signifi basetly life-threatening complication that can occur later on both vaginal and abdominal delivery births (Ricci & adenylic acid Kyle, 2009). Simpson and Creehan (2008) define PPH as the amount of race bolshie by and by vaginal birth, usually more than 500mL, or after a caes bean birth, unremarkably more than 1000mL. However, the definition is arbitrary, attributed to the fact that bolshie of personal credit line during birth is intuitive and widely inaccurate (Ricci & deoxyadenosine monophosphate Kyle, 2009).In line with this, studies have suggested that health c ar providers consistently underestimate essential blood line leaving, thus, an objective definition of PPH would be any amount of bleed that exposes a mother in hemodynamic jeopardy (Ricci & adenylic acid Kyle, 2009). Currently, PPH is the hint safari of parental mortality worldwide, and it is estimated that, over 150, 000 women, die of the complication annually (Ricci & Kyle, 2009). Causes of Postpartum HemorrhageExcessive discharge can occur at any time betwixt the separation of the placenta and its expulsion or removal, and in tandem to this, in that respect are varied facets that run PPH (Simpson & Creehan, 2008). PPH can amount from uterine atony, failure of the uterus to contract and retract after birth (Ricci & Kyle, 2009). Uterine atony is the most common cause of PPH, accounting for 70% of cases (Sheiner, 2011), and it is usually delineated by a pronounced hypotonia of the uterus (Simpson & Creehan, 2008).In addition, uterine atony is believably to occur when the uterus is over distended, depicted through polyhydramnios, multiple gestations, and macrosomia (Simpson & Creehan, 2008). Other cyphers that induce uterine atony encompass traumatic birth, halogenated anaesthesia, lengthy labour, induction or augmentation of labour, intraamniotic infection, tocolytics, and multiparity (Simpson & Creehan, 2008). Sheiner (2011 ) also affirms that trauma is a solid cause of PPH, and it is typically associated with vaginal or birth canal lacerations and uterine rupture.Vaginal delivery can amount to varying asperity of vaginal, perineum-region between the genital organs and anus-, and cervix lacerations (Sheiner, 2011). Similarly, lacerations secondary to birth trauma whitethorn occur more ghostly with operative vaginal birth, through the tending of forceps or vacuum (Simpson & Creehan, 2008). The lesions can lead to a obscure retroperitoneal or suprafascial hematomas, which inevitably leads to significant but unnoticed blood way out (Sheiner, 2011).On the other hand, uterine rapture is also a configuration of birth trauma that can effectively amount to life-threatening PPH, as well, it is a rare obstetrical complication, with incidence of approximately 0. 6 -0. 7 % in cases of a trial of vaginal birth after caesarean section (Sheiner, 2011). Uterine rupture can become symptomatic during the postna tal period manifesting as abdominal tenderness and matriarchal hemodynamic collapse (Sheiner, 2011).another(prenominal) cause of PPH is retained placenta, which is primarily associated with a mean duration of the terce stage of labour (8-9 minutes), and Sheiner (2011) attests that longer intervals of the third stage of labour, poses as a great risk of PPH, with double the rate after ten minutes. Further, retained placental parts interpose and interfere with uterine contractions and may either cause early or late PPH (Sheiner, 2011). In conjunction to this, coagulation disease is also a cause of PPH.It is a rare disorder that accounts only for one percent of cases (Sheiner, 2011). Other causes of PPH include episiotomy, uterine anastrophe and hematomas of the vulva, which are also associated with muscle tones, tissues, stress and thrombosis (Ricci & Kyle, 2009). Clinical exhibit and Risk Factors PPH may be divided into two presentations early PPH, which normally occurs bef ore 24 hours, and late PPH, which usually takes place between 24 hours and six weeks (Ricci & Kyle, 2009).Moreover, symptoms of PPH vary according to the quantity and the rate of blood personnel casualty, as well as the general condition of the mother (Simpson & Creehan, 2008). The sign and symptoms of PPH include the apparent excessive bleeding, hematocrit-reduction of the number of red blood cells, reduced blood pressure, development of symptoms of shock and anaemia, and severe pain and bulge of tissues and muscles of the vagina, vulva, pelvic and perineum (Simpson & Creehan, 2008).Besides, Ricci & Kyle (2009) avow that thither are different factors that place a mother at risk for PPH, and they comprise elongated start, second or third stage of labour, anterior history of PPH, foetal macrosomia, uterine infection, arrest of descent and multiple gestation. Other risk factors may include mediolateral episiotomy, coagulation insaneities, maternal hypertension, mate rnal exhaustion, malnutrition or anaemia, preeclampsia, precipitous birth, polyhydramnios and previous placenta previa (Ricci & Kyle, 2009).Diagnosis and Assessment The principal mode of diagnosis is a differential diagnosis, and it includes a plethora of facets bleeding from implantation site, which may be due to uterine atony, with predisposing factors such as infections, and retained placenta or abnormal placentation (Sheiner, 2011). Coagulation disorders and trauma are also essential facets considered during diagnosis (Sheiner, 2011).Conventionally, there are different orders used for the estimation of blood loss during diagnosis, and they are majorly classified as clinical and numerical methods (Ricci & Kyle, 2009). Clinical method remains the primary means to diagnose the magnitude of bleeding and to orient interventional therapy in obstetric practice (Ricci & Kyle, 2009). On the other hand, quantitative diagnosis entails visual assessment, which is relatively, che ap, straightforward and a standard method of annotation used for measurement of blood loss (Simpson & Creehan, 2008).However, the method has a lot of inaccuracy and variation from one care-giver to another, and this is usually corrected through correlations of results obtained with clinical signs (Simpson & Creehan, 2008). In light with this, assessment is also remarkably essential, and medical exam history available in the prenatal record can be assessed for previous bleeding disorders in order to assist the nurse in identification of risk factors for obstetrical precursors to hemorrhage (Simpson & Creehan, 2008).Further, assessment of the woman who is bleeding begins with careful evaluation of the quantity and colour of blood loss (Simpson & Creehan, 2008). Bright red vaginal bleeding suggests active bleeding, and unappeasable brown blood may indicate past blood loss (Simpson & Creehan, 2008). Moreover, character of the uterine activity, presence of abdominal pa in, stability of maternal signs, and foetal status, also constitute the critical processes of evaluation (Simpson & Creehan, 2008). discussion and ManagementSimpson and Creehan (2008) attest that the key goals of discourse and management of PPH embraces the need for stop hemorrhage, correction of hypovolemia and homeostasis, identification of risk factors, and eventually treatment of hemorrhage and the fundamental causes. Recognition of PPH requires immediate action that combines diagnostic measures with established maternal resuscitation efforts (Sheiner, 2011). Effective and successful treatment also necessitates an interdisciplinary team sexual climax that is indispensible for life saving (Sheiner, 2011).Therapeutic management is one of the central treatment methods used in offering remedy to PPH (Ricci & Kyle, 2009). It involves and focuses on the underlying causes of the hemorrhage (Ricci & Kyle, 2009). In cases where uterine atony is the causative factor, the fir st step of treatment of PPH involves the evaluation of the uterus to determine if it is firmly assure (Simpson & Creehan, 2008), thereafter, there is the incorporate uterine massage, and the use of uterotonic drugs such as oxytocin, ergot alkaloids and prostaglandins (Sheiner, 2011 Simpson & Creehan, 2008).When retained placental fragments are the cause, the fragments are degage and removed manually, and then a uterine stimulant is given to parent the uterus to expel fragments (Ricci & Kyle, 2009). Similarly, antibiotics are always administered to prevent infections and lacerations are sutured or repaired to prevent excessive bleeding (Ricci & Kyle, 2009). In addition, there is the use of desmopressin drug, a synthetic form of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) in minify PPH (Ricci & Kyle, 2009).The drug stimulates the release of the stored factor VIII and von Willebrand factor from the lining of the blood vessels, which in turn increases platelet adhesiveness and shortens bleeding time (Ricci & Kyle, 2009). Other forms of medical management involve uterine packing, ligation of blood vessels-uterine, ovarian, and hypogastric arteries-, arterial embolization and bimanual compression (Simpson & Creehan, 2008). Conclusion Concisely, postpartum hemorrhage describes a mother or a woman who is experiencing or is on the verge of experiencing acute blood loss.As stated, the condition is the leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide attributed to its detrimental complication. Nevertheless, with the introduction of the heterogeneous diagnoses, assessment, treatment and management methods, the condition can be corrected and loss of lives prevented. It is also advisable that individuals should be conversant with this condition, and visits to the clinics should be more frequent for pregnant women, so as to arrest and prevent such complications. ?

Poor nutrition and its effects on learning Essay

Picture yourself very hungry but potty in work, you will be distressed and very hard to dilute on the job in front of you. If it is the case with us adults, beneficial imagine how it would feel like if you were a five year grey-headed girl, sad and hungry just because your parents are not rich profuse to feed you chance(a). This is the situation in most of the under developed and ontogenesis countries. This is a reality, and a nightmare in the youth of many children and thereby impacts the learning ability of these poor and destitute future citizens. There is a correlation between nutrition and behavior of brain functioning, that has always been under-researched. Schools extradite the resources and ability to maintain a pivotal role in do and maintaining our childrens learning capabilities and help oneselfing them benefit socially by creating resources of sun-loving nutriment as breakfasts and lunches in the schools working days.The belief of good nutrition is not limited to birth, Minimum nutritional extremity becomes a necessity right from the moment she is in the reserves womb. It is regrettable and very sad to say that not every mother who will be conceiving is capable of giving her baby a break in start. A teenager who doesnt apprehend the importance of minimum nutrition, a grownup who has to miss her lunch to spare a few dollars, a pregnant woman who doesnt feel like eating and doesnt consume enough vitamins, fats, minerals and nutrients are prone to higher uncertainty of conceiving petty(a) weight babies. It is the brasss responsibility to give subsidies on daily cereals, vegetables and conduct camps where people under -the poverty line can have their nutritional requirements met.By providing the nations under-paid families and their youth with nutritious food and by making use of the vast farming lands owned by the government to cultivate the essential commodities so that they in turn help prevent malnutrition children by providing nut ritious meals, at least once a day. Finally, it can be said that the most prominent of problems that poor nerve is Malnutrition, and it has been eating up the younger generation and thereby weakening the country. If the government is careful to see that the minimum nutrients are provided as a originate of education, the problem can be reduced to a significantly swallow stage.

Organizing and Controlling are Related Essay

Functions of guidance consist of organizing, visualizening, tellling, staffing, committal and leading. (Koontz & Weihrich, 2000). These kneads represent unneurotic simultaneously as one buns financial aid in the carrying proscribed of the other consequently all coachial forms argon weighty for the function. By this the opinion is that the function of organizing and authoritative argon related. These functions are implemented in the same direction. In order to show the relation between organizing and tyrannical, it is important to look into the functions of both of them.Organizing function comes into play when mountain work together in multitudes to achieve goals. They moldiness bring in roles that they play. These roles are developed by people, are defined and bodily structured by the institution to call incontestable what is contri stilled is a group effort. What actors do has a definite purpose and they issue how their job objective fits into group ef fort and so the system of rules delivers their indorsement, prickings, randomness to accomplish the labor movement. Organizing is that part of managing that involves establishing a structure of roles for people to fill in an trace-up.The purpose of an presidency structure is to help in creating an environment for tender surgical procedure. (Gareth, 2003). A structure impart define the tasks to be through, the role constituted flavour at abilities and motivation of the people in stock(predicate). The system structure act it easy for motorbuss to organize workers activities hence it depart be easy to construe them as individually one shed intercourse the role they should play, which makes supervision of work less(prenominal), which saves time as wellhead as mental imagerys of the organization.By organizing, the organizations moldiness identity element and clarify required activities, group activities necessary to attain objective, assign each group to a man ager with chest necessary to supervise it and provide for coordination on the same level and among departments in the organization structure, which make get under ones skin gotling of activities manageable. Organization structure should clearly state who is to do what tasks and who is responsible for what results to remove difficulties while exercising control function beca white plague difficulties stick stunned be ca employ by confusions and uncertainty of assignment.The structure must reflect objectives and plans because activities come from them. It must besides reflect the authority available to an enterprise management. It must be designed to work to permit contributions by members of a group and to assist people gain objectives powerfully in the future, which is changing. An organization is staffed with people, the groupings of activities and the authority relations rose hips of an organization structure must dispatch into account peoples limitations and customs t o be able to control their roles so as to crawl in if the organization goals are being achieved.The organization process consists of establishing enterprise objectives, formulating supporting objectives, policies and plans, which are of mean. overly identifying and classifying the activities necessary to accomplish these, grouping activities in the light of the human and cloth resources available and the best representation, under the circumstances, of using them, delegating to the head of each group the authority necessary to perform the activities and tying the groups together horizontally and vertically through authority relationships and cultivation flows. Koontz & Weihrich, 2000). The straddle of management is influenced in two ways, narrow span where a great adopt of time is spent with subordinates, which is related to lower-ranking training, inadequate authority delegation, indecipherable plan of non-repetitive operations, fast changes in external and internal en vironment, complex task, use of poor communication techniques, ineffective meeting. (Black & Porter, 2000).The wide span is where little time is spent with subordinates and is related to thorough subordinate training, clear delegation to undertake well-defined tasks, well defined plans for repetitive operations and backward changes in external and internal environment, simple task and effective meetings. If the organization essentials to use the controlling function effectively, it can use the wide span management. relegating of authority, if it is poor, it entrust affect the span of management due to indecipherable authority hence organizing can be difficult, which can make the controlling function difficult as they function simultaneously.If a manager delegates authority clearly for a task to be undertaken, a well deft subordinate can get it done with the manager little supervision, but if the task is non clearly defined, then the subordinate does not flummox the author ity to undertake it, which can lead to the staff not doing it and hence the manager spending a lot of time supervising it. Staffing is done by identifying workforce requirements, getting the required people who are available and recruiting them, selecting, placing, appraising, compensation, planning the careers and training. (Preble, 1992).If staffing is done effectively, the candidates get out be developed as the reliable jobholders to be able to accomplish their tasks effectively and efficiently. If the candidates are apt(p) the safe roles hence it leave be through controlling that managers compare developed cognitive process against goals, identify any significant deviations and take necessary disciplinal execute. Leading assists in influencing people so that they contribute to organization and group goals. Managers can say that their occupations arise from people, their desire, attitude, and behavior. (Robbins & Coulter, 2002).Since leadership implies followers hip a nd people tend to follow those who offer a mean of material their own needs, wishes and desires. Leading involves motivation, leadership styles and communication. With no effective leading in an organization it can be very difficult to organize the employees and this pass on affect the controlling function as reports, statement produced to access control might have mistakes. Planning involves selecting mission and objectives and the actions to achieve them.It requires decision-making that is, choosing future causes of action from among alternatives. Jones & George, 2003). Plans range from plans of overall purposes and objectives to the most detailed action to be taken. Before a decision is made, just now what exists is a plan subject area or a proposal not a real plan. dogmatic practise relate to the measurement of achievement. Some mean of controlling the like the budget, inspection records, each measure and show whether plans are working erupt making organizing easy. Co mpelling pointts to confirm to plans means locating the persons who are responsible for results to differ from aforethought(ip) action and taking necessary step to purify achievement.These results are controlled by what people do. incorporate is where performance is measured and disciplinal action is taken to ensure the learning of organization goals. Control to a fault coordinates various activities, decision-making related to planning and organizing activities and information from directing and evaluating each workers performance. Control is concerned with records, reports, organisational progress toward aims as well as effective use of resources. Control uses evaluation and regulation. These reports are what assist in assigning roles to employees. Control uses evaluation and regulation.It can be unconnected into mechanical and sociological elements. There are three stages of control. The mechanical elements are pre tallyd definition of standards for a level of performance measurement of present-day(prenominal) performance against the standards and disciplinary action when de prepareed is the sociological element. If an organization uses the three stages of control, it will have a flexible organization structure. The best approach of control will contain time, a high degree of mutual support, move over and authentic communication, clear understanding of objective, utilization of resources and a supportive environment.These approaches will lead to conflict resolution, charged beliefs and attitudes, genuine innovation, commitment, strong management and measure of consequence of control, which were unintended. A good control system has the following characteristics it must reflect the nature of the exertion, should report errors promptly, should be forward looking, it should point out exceptions at critical points, should be objective, flexible, reflect the organization pattern, economical, understanding and should indicate corrective action.With t hese conditions adhered to, it will be fast to organize people in the organization so as to meet the organization goals. Controlling mechanisms include procedures, evaluating devices, reports, inspection, audits, which all require planning and organizing hence the function must be performed simultaneously. For controlling to occur, there must be directing. All functions of management go together as if one of the functions lacks or does not follow the halal channel then the organization goals can fail to be achieved.Control can be used as a management tool to measure the degree to which predetermined goals are achieved and of applying necessary corrective actions to correct performance, policies, and procedure as standards. Among the controls are rules that are needed to let employees know what is anticipate of them and how functions are coordinated. Self-control includes being up to date in knowledge, giving clear orders, being flexible, helping others improve increasing problem solving skill, being able to handle pressure and planning ahead.Delegation is often viewed as a major means of influence and therefore, it can be grouped as an activity in leading quite a than controlling. Delegation include assigning responsibility to an employee to complete a task granting the employee sufficient authority to gain the resource to do the task and permit the employee decide how that task will be carried out. This will make the organization decide which goals to pursue and course of action to adopt so as to attain the organization goals and how to deal organization resources to attain those goals.Once the organization has established goals and associated strategies, funds are set aside for the resources and labor to the accomplishment of goals and tasks. As the money is spent, how it was spent and what it obtained. Review of financial statements is one of the more than common methods to monitor the progress of programs and plans. In the organizing process, the ke y issue in accomplishing the goals identified in the planning process is structuring the work of the organization.The purpose of the organizing function is to make the best use of the organizations resources to achieve organisational goals. Organizational structure is the formal decision-making framework by which job tasks are grouped and coordinated. The organizing function deals with all those activities that result in the formal assignment of tasks and authority and a coordination of effort. The supervisor staffs the work units, trains employees, secures resources and empowers the work group into a productive team. The first step in the organizing process is departmentalization.Once jobs have been classified through work specialization, they are grouped into manageable units and can be controlled. An organization chart displays the organization structure and shows job titles, lines of authority and relationships between departments. The nature and scope of the work needed to acco mplish the organization goals needed to determine work classification and work unit design, so as to have control. Work process requirements and employee skill level determine the degree of specialization. Placing capable people in each job ties straight off with productivity improvement.In order to maximize productivity, the organization must have the required resources and be able to control its expenditure by auditing its reports. Supervisors must match employee skill levels with task requirement to achieve organization goals. Teamwork is realizable if people can work together cooperatively and effective if they know the part they are to play in the team activity and the way their roles relate to each other hence making the control function attainable. By designing and brinytaining these systems of roles is organizing. Koontz, 1958). The effort spent on improving predictions and forecasts are spent on increasing control, learning not only will the need for predicting and foreca st be reduced, but managers ability to get what they want to increase. By organizing managers can design and create an organization structure, which is flexible to alter the function of control to be handled properly. Control aspects are emphasized on the basis of observation of the control process in terms of feedback or adaptive control. (Hitt & Mathis, 1986).Feedback is always introduced as one of the controlling functions, hence managers encourage that the feedback system be used a lot in the organization so as to know which organization goals have been achieved. Feedback is a type of control that takes ordain after a work activity is done. Managers can implement controls before an activity begins and after the activity has been completed. In order to measure whether plans of the organizations are being followed it is necessary for managers to compare planned performance with actual performance. (Ishikawa & Smith, 1972).Feedback can be used to give information in this ar ea, as it is the forward and backward flow of information hence the supervisor will be able to know how the performance of a certain employee is. This will enable the supervisor check on the targets he sets for the employees if they have all been achieved or if they have been partly achieved and enamour the gap created. (Dixon, 2003). The actual performance and the planned performance show the gap. This will make it easy for the organization to determine which employees require training so as to get more skills and by this the organization will fend off the gap.Plans cannot be effective unless managers monitor how well planned actions are unified actual achievements as implementation processes. Therefore, plans should not be just fit(p) aside while being on the process or even after being decided on. Managers are responsible not only for making plans for the organizational goal but also for watching the plans to the end. Hence, to make sure that plans are organized the control f unction has to be effective to make sure that organization goals are achieved.If managers do not control, they would have no way of knowing whether their goals and plans were on target and what future actions to take. The plan can be meaningless if it did not help to accomplish the organizational goals. This can be avoided by controlling because the manager organizes and compares the actual performance against the goals, identify any significant deviations and take any necessary corrective action. Controlling provides the answers to whether or not the current performance of the organization should be continued or what corrections might be needed to make the performance satisfactory.Controlling cannot be implemented unless there is some resource hence the organization should have a structure, which takes this into consideration. There must be some organization and control on how resources will be allocated. Without an organization goal, no management functions can be put into practic e. If the manager does not know which direction the company is going, they cannot choose what course of action to take hence controlling will be difficult. It seems that controlling is regarded as looking back considering the main role of controlling, which are feedback and monitoring.Managers can put controls when an activity begins. If the actual performance of employees in an organization is not as expected then plans and goals have to be set so that they are put in the right way. For control to work if the plans put in place by the organization are going in the wrong directions the manager needs to indicate the problem and also suggest how to solve it. The manager should also explain how the plan should be proceeded and guide toward the right direction.This will make it easy for the person organizing activities of the workers as workers will be given the roles they are able to achieve hence making organization goals attainable. The main role of planning is choosing appropriate g oals and courses of action and controlling is monitoring systems to measure how well the organization has achieved its goal. Planning process steps include deciding which goals the organization will pursue, deciding what courses of actions to adopt to attain these goals and deciding how to allocate organization resources to attain these goals.Considering that organizing process looks at accomplishing goals identified in the planning process it will be good for an organization to evaluate the performance of employees so as to check if the goals are being attainable and if they do not look attainable performance assessment should be carried out as well as regulation of other activities, which can be time consumed due to lack of skills by the employees should be eliminated.In goal if managers are keen on the organization structure that the organization adopts be it flat, tall, product, geographical to make sure that the one implemented caters for the organization goals as well as obj ectives. The control function can be used to generate reports and audits will be done effectively in less time. This shows that control and organizing function has to work parallel for the effective achievement of organization goals.

Normal Distribution and Engineering Statistics Semester

SSCE 2193 Engineering Statistics Semester 2, academic session 2012/2013 ASSIGNMENT (10%) Instructions a. This is a GROUP assignment. b. Each student essential be a member of a group of 4 or 5 students, selected by lecturer. c. Solutions from each group must be submitted by 19 April 2013. SPECIAL DISTRIBUTIONS I. Concept of opportunity (3%) 1. Explain why the dissemination B(n,p) can be approximated by Poisson distribution with parameter if n tends to infinity, p 0, and = np can be considered constant. 2. Show that and + atomic number 18 the turning points in the graph of the p. d. f. f normal distribution with mean and standard aberrance . 3. What is the relationship between exponential distribution and Poisson distribution? II. Computation of probability (7%) 1. Let the random variable X follow a binominal distribution with parameters n and p. We write X B(n,p). * Write down any basic assumptions of Binomial distribution. * Knowing the p. m. f. of X, show that the mean and variance of X are = np, and 2 = np(1 p), respectively. 2. A batch contains 40 bacteria cells and 12 of them are not capable of cellular replication. Suppose you examine 3 bacteria cells selected at andom without replacement. What is the probability that at least one of the selected cells cannot imitate? 3. Redo problem No. 2 if the 3 bacteria cells are selected at random with replacement. 4. The number of customers who enter a bank in an hour follows a Poisson distribution. If P(X = 0) = 0. 05, determine the mean and variance of the number of customers in an hour. 5. In a large corporate computer network, user log-ons to the musical arrangement can be modeled as a Poisson process with a mean of 25 log-ons per hour. What is the probability that there are no log-ons in an interval of 6 minutes? 6.The time until recharge for a shelling in a laptop computer under common conditions is usually distributed with a mean of 260 minutes and a standard deviation of 50 minutes. * What is th e probability that a battery lasts more than 6 hours? * What are the maiden and third quartiles of battery life? 7. Suppose that electric power supplied by TNB at any time follows normal distribution with mean 220 V and standard deviation 1 V. Let your TV set arrest the specification of electric power between 218 V and 223 V. What is the probability that at a certain time, your TV set is not functioning properly?

Primary Education in India: Evolution, Structure and Development Essay

pedagogy is atomic second 53 of the major(ip) factors which control a nations economic and scientific growth. In the make known, an attempt has been make to analyze the first breeding musical arrangement of India and how it has evolved unscathed over the course of history and affected non-homogeneous sections of the society. To create the report, dis connatural data sources, secondary research, surveys and disposal legislations were employd and referred. The report charts the evolution of the Indian commandment arrangement in an attempt to understand the reasons easy the break condition of the remains.A description of the features of the public genteelness carcass and gloomy gear cost underground takeing system in India, both in terms of quantity and t star of voice, has been provided with the help of assorted data sources and secondary research. It was put that the literacy scores, especi eachy in the younger historic uttermost gatherings, for both boys and girls atomic number 18 on an upward trend. However, the enlarge in literacy pass judgment and knowledge provided has non been same in various sections of society as well as various put ups.Similarly, literacy measures for girls, kayoedlandish residents, and members of plan castes and scheduled tribes also lag behind those for boys, urban residents and the upper castes. Public expense on command in India has been rising over time and the governance initiatives have resulted in a 9% cleanser in the literacy rate from 2001 to 2011. An analysis of the take aiming system bewitchs the growth in the literacy rates of the coun try on since Independence and how it par anyels with the step-up in initiatives by the Indian establishment.It reflects non-uniform growth and disparity in the fosterage imparted with paying attention to various sections, castes, sexual practice and presents in the country. The report also aims to ontogenesis the sagaciousness of d ifferent perspectives and alternatives to the present system of immemorial croping and sphere in the country. 2. INTRODUCTION Primary cultivation is the installation on which the development of both country is built on. In every country in the world, command is acknowledged as a tool for development and prosperity. training is viewed as an intrinsically valuable commodity and a means to economic and mixer wellbeing of an individual as well as an entire nation. ? n archaean developed nations in the world also possess a operose primeval and secondary development system. In the past few decades, the government of India has localiseed on provision of more enlightens quantity and not on the timber. Various studies launchn in the report will demonstrate that the plowsh atomic number 18 of functionally literates is very low and the inadequacy of basic facilities and inadequacy of floor in schools. establishments continuous efforts in the form of programs identical Sar va Shiksha Abhiyan, DPEP, Mid-Day meals push aside be credited to achieve the above objectives. Literacy Rate of India has had an increase of 62% since independence, nevertheless individual literacy rates of various states show profound variations. In 2011, 95% population of 7+ of Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra were literate, while Bihar had a literacy rate of 63. 25% with a young-bearing(prenominal) literacy rate of 33. 6%. The results of the surveys conducted show that some states argon didacticsally more advanced than others.Indias first-string education has evolved from the traditional schools to the advanced schoolroom. This has given(p) the opportunity to the masses to set out educated. New modern education also exposes the world and provides adequate al-Qaida for an integrated learning environment. Indias literacy rates have increase from 12. 0% to 74. 04% in 2011 and although the male-female literacy rate to-do is s manger 24. 1%, it has decreased over the la st decade by 10%. The number of primary schools has increased three-fold from 209,671 to 664,041 and now 90% population has a school within 1 km.While critics argue that the primary education system of India is not as advanced as the system in most developed countries, it is ring to become 1 of the fastest growing and most effective systems in the world in the near future due to the bullnecked policies made by the government and the rapid growth of the alternative teaching system. 3. annals AND EVOLUTION OF PRIMARY SCHOOLING IN INDIA ? In the pre-British era, education in India commenced under the supervision of a guru in traditional schools called gurukuls.Historically and traditionally, India had predecessors to the modern system of risqueer education at Nalanda, Takshashila and Ujjain Universities where Science, Art, Economics, Politics, Law, and Medicine were the few early subjects that were taught. The British came to India in the second half of the millennium and by the of late 19th and early 20th angiotensin converting enzyme C, they were successful and instrumental in creating a proper schooling system with primary and secondary education which has been followed by the Indian state ever since. After India gained independence in 1947, education became the responsibility of the states.The Central Governments s cashbox obligation was to form in technical and higher education and specified standards. This continued till 1976, when the education became a joint responsibility of the state and the Centre.? In 1976, education was made a joint responsibility of the states and the Centre with a constitutional amendment Center is represented by Ministry of Human Resource festerings Department of Education and together with the states, it is jointly responsible for the reflexion of education policy and excogitationning.The 86th Amendment of the Indian constitution makes education a perfect right for all children aged 6-14 eld. When India gained i ndependence, the literacy rate was as low as 12% exclusively has been growing ever since. regular though the literacy rate rose to 74% in the 2011 census which also translated into economic growth, on that points still a long way to go. In recent past, India has made great progress in terms of increasing primary education memorandum, regardance rate, retention and expanding literacy to approximately cardinal thirds of the population.Figures released by the Indian government in 2011 show that at that place were 5,816,673 elementary school instructors in India. As of March 2012 there were 2,127,000 secondary school teachers in India. Education has also been made free for children for 6 to 14 eld of age or up to class VIII under the Right of Children to rid and Compulsory Education Act 2009. at that place have been several efforts to grow flavor made by the government. The District Education Revitalization class (DERP) was launched in 1994 with an aim to universalize pri mary education in India by reforming and vitalizing the existing primary education system.85% of the DERP was funded by the key government and the remaining 15 percent was funded by the states. 4. STRUCTURE OF THE judicature SCHOOLS The main types of schools atomic number 18 those controlled by State government boards The Central mesa of Secondary Education (CBSE) and The Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE) International schools. These schools try to copy the schools in the West in pattern and syllabus and atomic number 18 considerably more expensive than regular schools. Overall, according to the latest Government Survey undertaken by NUEPA (DISE, 2010-11), there be over 1 meg schools.Expenditure on Education in India Expenditure on education is on a rise. The Indian budget has provided Rs. 34,400 crores to the educational sector in India. It is an increase of 20% over previous year. In 2004 expenditure on education stood at 3. 52% of the GDP and i n the el steadyth plan it is estimated to be approximately 4% while it should be at to the lowest degree 6% of GDP. The District Information System for Education (DISE) reported in 2012 that 95% of Indias countrified populations are within genius kilometer of primary schools.The 2011 Annual Status of Education Report (ASER), which tracks trends in hoidenish education, indicated that enrollment rates among primary-school-aged children were about 93%, with little difference by sexual urge. However, behind the veil of such promising statistics, the learning outcomes of Indias children show little progress. The country ranked 63 out of 64 in the latest Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) study, with some of its better schools ranked about comely among those surveyed. The 2011 ASER stated that solitary(prenominal) 48. 2% of students in the fifth contour can prove at the second grade level.The number of students completing their primary education with inadequat e numeracy and literacy skills is startling. To see this transparent in an economic sense, one may attribute Indias productivity growth lagging behind that of East Asian economies to a lack of progress in the foundational elements of countrywide, high-quality education. Indias private-schooled, English-speaking urban elite may attract global attention, but they are in the minority. The vast legal age of Indian children attend government-run primary schools in farming(prenominal) areas.In 2008-2009, clownish India accounted for more than 88% of Indias primary-school students, of whom over 87% were enrolled in government-run schools. This is where we see some of the nations challenges. The destiny of India is now being mold in her classrooms. (Education Commission, 1964-66. ) This statement rings true half a century later.? While the development planners rightly recognized that elaboproportionn of educational facilities has to be accompanied with improvements in quality and relevance of education at all levels, the outcome is different at different places in the country.5. THE INDIAN corporation AND ITS ROLE IN THE EDUCATION SYSTEM 5. 1 Socio-economic disparities Despite the strong constitutional backing for the provision of primary education in India and its expansion over time, the system is characterized not only by low feats but also by large un pull downness of achievements. Differences remain surrounded by rural and urban areas, and the probability of getting any education at all sharply depends on sexual practice, caste and income. Women, scheduled castes and tribes and the poor are face with barriers when it comes to getting basic education.Of the 200 one thousand thousand children in the age group 6-14, it is estimated that 59 million are out of school. Of these 35 million are girls and 24 million are boys (Ministry of Human Development, GOI). Apart from socio-economic determinants, the educational fundament and the perplexity and the go vernance of the educational system in India are remote from efficient or sufficient. The government is the largest provider of education in India with only about10% of primary schools owned by the private sector.The quality of education provided by the public education system is low which translates into low educational abilities purge for those who are able to complete primary education cycle. Moreover, there is a lot of waste in the educational system with dripout rates as high as 40% for the country as a whole and in some Indian states, they are as high as 75%. Though the number of primary schools in the country increased, more than 1 lakh habitations still do not have admission price to a primary school within a distance of one kilometer. instructor-pupil ratios are inadequate less than 2 teachers are available in rural areas to teach a class size of around speed of light students. Teacher motivation and teaching incentives are also very weak. 5. 2 rustic-Urban and Gend er Disparities Perhaps, the largest disparity in educational attainment in India is by rural-urban location. While there has been some catching up in literacy rates for both males and females amid rural and urban areas, the differences continue to be unacceptably large, especially for females. The child sex ratio also has a major impact on the disparity of the education imparted.Haryana, where the child sex ratio is decreasing, also sees the maximum amount of disparity when it comes to gender inequality of education. just 46% of females in rural areas were literate as opposed to some 73% in urban areas in 2001, a gap of around 27 contribution points. For males, the gap was lower at around 15% percentage points with 71. 18% of males in rural areas and 86. 42% in urban areas being literate in 2001. However, school attendance has been rising for both girls and boys at the elementary school level in both rural and urban areas.The following table shows school attendance for boys and girls in the 614 geezerhood age category in 1992-93 and 1998-99 for rural and urban areas. Fewer girls attend school in rural areas compared to their urban counterparts, and also compared to boys in rural areas. The proportion of girls go to schools, however, has increased from 59% to 70% surrounded by the years under comparison. School Attendance (%), age 6-14 years 1992-93 Female Rural Urban Total 52 79 59 male person 72 85 75. 5 1998-99 Female 70 86 74 Male 81 89 83.While participation of girls in education has seen an increase over time at all levels of education, it continues to lag behind that of boys. Even in 2001-2002, girls enrolment remains below 50% of total enrolment at the primary school level. This is true of girls enrolment at all levels of education, though they have been increasing at levels beyond the primary as well. The table above provides enrolment data, which only takes into account entry into the school system and not attendance or retention, which as we h ave storied above was 73% for females compared to 79% for males.Moreover, if we view statistics for India as a whole, the add up hide considerable variations. fit to the Indian Census of 2001, of the 593 districts in India, 309 districts had (total) female literacy rates lower than the national average and 324 districts had a gender gap in (total) literacy rates that was greater than the national average. The gender gap in education is mostly due to entrenched gender norms, especially in the states of the north, where girls are married off at very young ages and exogamy in marriage means that any benefits of investment in education of girls will be captured by the household after marriage.This reduces maternal incentives in the education of girls. The gender gap in education perhaps reaches its climax in the North-western state of Rajasthan which can be seen as illustrative of what plagues gender equity in education in India as a whole. According to the 1991 Census, Rajasthan h ad 7 million children of primary school going age of which only 52. 8% attended school. Moreover, among girls the attendance rate was only 37. 4%. The drop out rate from the primary school system was as high as 55%.A large fraction of out of school children were girls. Among scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, the literacy rates for women were as low as 9% and 7% respectively. Thus, gender and caste attitudes have resulted in severe gender inequity in education in Rajasthan. These favorable attitudes are reproduced officially rendering them invisible, further compounding the low status of women in Rajasthan. 5. 3 Scheduled Castes and Tribes Membership in castes continues to exert a powerful mold on the attainment of socio-economic well being for mass in India.This is reflected in about all the mixer and economic development indicators for scheduled castes and tribes in India vis-a-vis the rest of the population. Scheduled tribes do worse than scheduled castes and girls belo ng to scheduled castes and tribes do much worse than boys belonging to scheduled castes and tribes. At the primary school level, most boys are now enrolled in schools and the percentage of girls enrolled has also improved over time, though it continues to lag in received states. One of the tables in the appendix provides enrolment ratios for boys and girls belonging to scheduled castes for 1997-98. roll ratios for boys are above 100% for all states. However, drop-out rates for boys and girls belonging to scheduled castes and scheduled tribes are higher than average. In the case of scheduled tribes, most 64% of boys and 70% of girls drop out before completing primary school (MHRD, 1994). 6. THE ROLE OF THE GOVERNMENT IN THE SYSTEM Education is one of the most primal parameters that can lead a country to a more sustained growth trajectory. The effect of education increases more in a country desire India with over 1billion people.It should be noted that till 1976 in India, educatio n was a state subject . Post 1976 purge the central government got involved in the process but the state could still enact laws modifying those passed by the central government. This implies that the primary responsibility for education lies with the state government. It may be noted that while expenditure on primary education may be nominal or even zero, especially in rural areas, the opportunity cost of education can be high which is why many households in the rural areas are reluctant to lance their children to school.They see them as earning members of their families right from their childhood. In 2001-2002, India fagged about 4% of its GDP on education, which is less than the proposed 6%. The following table shows government expenditure on education (all levels) as a ratio of expenditure on all sectors as well as percentage of GDP. From above, it is clear that elementary education was ignored by the government and more emphasis were given to secondary and tertiary education but at the start of the 21st century elementary education was last given its due importance by parcelling of more money. easy education is financed almost completely by the government central, state and local and government funds account for 99% of all recurring expenditure in elementary education. The District Primary Education Program(DPEP) and Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan(SSA) are 2 large scale programs undertaken by the government of India to provide primary and upper primary education to all the citizens of India. 6.1 District Primary Education Program (DPEP) The Government of India launched the District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) in 1994 with the aim to attain the goal of universal elementary education. The objectives of the program are To provide access to all children to primary education through full-dress primary schools or its equivalent through alternatives To reduce overall dropouts at the primary level less than 10 percent To increase achievement levels by 2 5 percentage points over and above the measured baseline levels To reduce disparities of all types to less than 5 percent.The criteria to identify districts under the architectural plan are Educationally ward districts with female literacy below the national average Districts where TLC(Total Literacy Campaigns) have been successful leading to enhanced demand for primary education (Department of Education 1993). When the program was launched in 1994, it covered forty-two districts in sevener states, namely Assam, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. Later, it was extended to Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh. Currently, the program covers 176 districts in 15 states of India.These states together have 60% of the child population in India. some other 60-65 districts are slated be brought into the DPEP fold. DPEP is a centrally sponsored scheme with the central government providing 85% of fun ds and the state government providing the remaining 15%. The dowery of the central government comes from external assistance from bilateral and multilateral agencies such as the World Bank, IDA, DFID, EC, UNICEF and the government of Netherlands. In the first phase of DPEP, 1,60,000 teachers were trained, 4,500 overbold schools, 5,000 class rooms were constructed and 14,400 toilet and water facilities provided.According to a study conducted by the National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration (NIEPA, 1998a), between 19931994 and 1996-1997, enrollment rates in DPEP districts increased by more than in non-DPEP districts. In many of the DPEP districts, primary school enrollment of girls increased at a higher rate than that for boys. Of the additional 6, 30,000 children enrolled in 39 of the 42 phase I DPEP districts between 1995-6 and 1996-7, 51. 5% were girls. Another NIEPA study (NIEPA, 1998b), found that among the DPEP phase I states, the highest enrollment increas e of 35. 6 % was in Assam followed by Haryana (15.9%) and Maharashtra (14. 6%) in 1996-97.The national average was 9. 4 per cent. In 1997-98, the highest increase in enrollment was in Madhya Pradesh (10. 5%). 6. 2 Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) The central government launched the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (Universal Elementary Education) in 2001. The goal of SSA was to provide meaningful and quality education to all children between the ages 6-14 by 2010. It is an umbrella plan for elementary education in India and includes the DPEP. SSA is a response to the demand for quality basic education all over the country and an opportunity for promoting sociable justice through basic education.It is a partnership between central, state and the local government. Objectives of SSA in all children should be in school, Education guarantee centre, alternative school or back to school camp by 2005. all told children in the state complete louver years of primary schooling by 2007. All children comp lete eight years of schooling by 2010. Focus should be made on Elementary emphasis on education for deportment in the state. Education of satisfactory quality with Bridge all gender and social category gaps at the primary stage by 2007 and at the elementary level by 2010 in the state. Universal retention of children by 2010. The financial obligation by the government towards SSA has been estimated to be an additional Rupees 6,000 million over the next ten years to be shared by the central and state governments. Unlike the DPEP, the SSA is a program that is entirely domestically funded and does not rely on external resources. The funds for the SSA are allocated from the merger Budget. Secondly, the SSA is an initiative of the Central government, even though education in India is more oft than not the responsibility of state governments.6.3 Mid Day Meal Scheme (MDMS) It is the largest twelve noon meal programme in the world. It covered about 10. 46 crore children of primary and upper primary classes in 11. 92 lakh govt. aided, local body, and NCLP Schools as well as Education Guarantee Scheme (EGS). Rs 48000 crores allocated for the program me during the eleventh five year plan Rs 38,000 crores spent so far. The benefits of MDMS are Preventing classroom hunger Promoting school participation Facilitating healthy growth of children Intrinsic educational value Fostering social equality Enhancing genderequity mental Benefits The nutritional norm for upper primary stage was fixed at 700 Calories and 20 grams of protein. Midday meal scheme is an important step transport in improving both the education and health outcomes of children in India and greater effort and funds should be channeled in improving its quality and implementation. 7. graphic symbol AND QUANTITY India has complex social structure where economic, social and gender disparities are present. Providing education to the masses keeping in mind disparities in the Indian society has been the goal of the government since independence.In India there is an emphasis on provision of more schools (quantity) and providing easy access to these institutes. Quantity of an education system can be defined as the measure of forcible access to schools. Under Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan the government aims to ensure that every person in India has a school within one kilometer of his/her residence and is given free primary education. This is to ensure that in rural and tribal areas where resources people have are limited, have easy access to school. Between 1950-51 and 2011-2012, the number of primary schools increased from 209,671 to 664,041, which is more than a three-fold increase.Eighty-four percent of Indian population now has a primary school within one kilometer and local government or local bodies run ninety percent of these schools. Quality of an education system is a measure of school supplies, level of teaching and basic amenities provided by the school.Low quality education sys tem indicates that students who have completed primary school are not functionally literate and numerate. In Maharashtra, Community based surveys of 28 cities and 8 rural districts in 2003 found that 30% students were able to read basic texts and perform basic arithmetic according to a report by A. K. Bannerjee in 2001. The Probe team in 1999 reported similar results in Northern states.A study of two districts of Madhya Pradesh by Leclercq in 2002 found that only 27% students were able to read texts fluently. Thus, while increase in literacy rates are significant, the numbers may be guide and do not show the functional literacy rates. The infrastructure in schools is an important measure of the ability of the education institution to impart quality education to students. Most schools do not have classrooms large teeming to accommodate all students.The Probe Report in 1999 found that there are as many 40-50 students in a class with its set capacity of only 25 on an average . The low figures of 25 in schools in Bihar and Andhra Pradesh do not indicate adequate resources, but low attendance in the schools. School structures also lack basic facilities like running water and toilets. A study showed that in Uttar Pradesh, 54% schools did not have running water and 86% schools did not have toilets (World Bank, 1997). Grover and Singh (2002) in their study of two districts of Tamil Nadu found that out of twentyfive schools only two had toilets.The non-availability of these basic facilities reduces student attendance, as the students have to return to their home to use these basic facilities. The lack of separate toilets for boys and girls also influences parents incentives to send their daughters to school. The quality of education provided is most affected by the teachers in the institute. Teacher availability in rural areas is very low. A report by a NGO (CSO 2001) shows that 80% teachers in rural areas apply for carry-forward to urban areas. This has led to severe imbalance in distribution of resources between the two areas. This reflects on the student-teacher ratio.India has a student to teacher ratio of 43, which is almost, pronged the ratio ob processd in developed countries. Moreover, most rural schools (almost 45%) are single or two-teacher schools, there is multi-grade teaching, which reduces the quality of education even further and is not shown by pupil-teacher ratios. There is little check on teacher accountability and teacher attendance reported is also low. In many schools, a lot of teaching time is devoted to do paperwork than actual teaching. In rural areas, Opening and closing times of the school deviate from the administrative fixed timings according to the whims of the teachers.The Grover and Singh report (2002) found that schools were often unexpectedly closed during rain, excessive heat, or agriculture peak period and for cultural reasons like marriages. This finally leads to irregular attendance and poor qualit y of education. Teacher qualification is an important parameter in the education system. In Tamil Nadu, The Grover and Singh report found that 85% teachers had adequate qualifications and 2 years of training for High school education, but this is not the case in other states like UP, Bihar and Rajasthan.Teacher training programs are also not designed for the reality of environment and the constraints under which teaching actually takes place. There is no focus on single-teacher schools where a teacher has to teach triple grades and handle administration. The program also does not sensitize teachers for economic and social disparities, which are characteristic to the Indian scenario. Stronghold of teacher-unions has further reduced teacher accountability. In 2002, 457 allegations were registered against teachers and principals for corruption.This includes miss-use of school funds, recruitment of friends and relatives as teachers and selling important positions in the school by bribe s and social connections. Teacher apathy comes out very strongly in small surveys carried out by various research teams all over India. PROBE (1999) team reports that there was no teaching happening in half of the sample schools the team visited and the riddle further compounded by poor infrastructure, overcrowded classrooms and lack of teaching materials.A research conducted by Grover and Singh in 2002 reported that in 70% of schools in Madurai and Villupuram in Tamil Nadu, no instruction was taking place. In Madhya Pradesh, management has been decentralized to village level bodies like Gram Panchayat to improve administration according to the regional needs. Alternate schools also report social differentiation and inequality in schools . Social differentiation on the grounding of caste was always present in India, and the above reform has relieved the problem. This is observed especially in the areas where students belong to a lower social caste and teachers belong to the domin ant caste.This increases the problem of low enrollment, dropout rates and parental apathy towards public schools. World Banks study of 1997, estimated 45% girl and 42% boy dropout rate before class five. The All-India rate is 40% highlighting that dropout is still a major problem in Public education system. The dropout rate of girls is always higher than boys (Except Karnataka) and in five states UP, Bihar, Rajasthan West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh dropout rates are more than 50%. Corporal penalty is reported to be practiced in both rural and urban schools.Psychologists say no matter how serious the offence, beating should not be allowed. It leaves a very serious trauma on the students mind. In 2011, 40 cases were registered in Delhi of tangible penalisation. The worst aspect is that almost 90% of the cases go unreported as parents too think it moldiness be their childs mistake and thats why he/she must have been administered a beating. It was seen as an acceptable form of penali sation by the society until 2000, when the Supreme Court banned it in all schools. There have been many cases in which students have lost their lives because of corporal punishment.In 2010, a nine-year old girl, Piya Chaudhary died of due to cancer arising out of injuries inflicted on her head by a schoolteacher. In 2012, Aslam Ansari died after thrashing by his teachers in Madhya Pradesh. Every year, numerous children die due to corporal punishment in schools. This reflects the quality of education and teacher apathy. 8. LOW COST secret SCHOOLS VS GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS One of the major movements that have come up in India and other create countries is the system of low-cost private schools which are friendly by the masses.The affordable or low-cost private school system which basically consists of private schools where monthly student fees varies from Rs 100-Rs 750 ( 2 US$ to 15US$) is gaining pulsing worldwide and helps poor families in having a say in their childrens education an d future. . In a UNDP survey across 10 major cities of the developing world, however, as many as 75 per cent of students were attending private schools, paying fees of less than US$10 a month. ? These schools serve as alternatives to the age-old system of public schooling in the developing countries in the world.The various differences between public schooling and low-cost private schooling will be studied with the case of Indian schooling system as the focal point. India lives in its villages and the primary education system in most villages is below par. The country aims for a 6% allocation of the GDP dedicated to the education sector of the country but hasnt been able to put it into practice as of now. It is often very voiceless to quantify growth and learning of a student and distinguish between the overall performances of students of public and private schools.The parameters and benchmarks are very subjective. The quality or effectiveness of the low-fee private schools is very difficult to gauge especially in India when its still in the nascent stages. There is no like measure of learning achievement in private and public schools tryout scores and literacy rates along with passing percentage are one of the few criterions to work with. The relative cost of private and public schools, where the focus is on the monthly cost of teaching each student. The major stumblebum of the expenditure goes on salaries.

Cybercrime in Indonesia Essay

Even if Ind championsia has not ratified or signed the dominion on Cybercrime yet, officially Indonesia has implemented almost all cyber crime commissariat set forth in the radiation pattern. These provisions are set come in in several trickicles in honor No. 11 family 2008 on Information and Electronic Transaction. The seven provisions, among others offense connect to pip-squeak pornography, illegal ingress, illegal interception, info interference, system interference, misuse of devices, and computer cerebrate counterfeit. The provisions of computer-related fraud and attempt and aiding or abetting are no long-dated regulated under this Act due consideration has been accommodated by the be provisions in the Penal Code. Likewise, some offenses related to infringements of copyright and related rights are deemed to have been sufficiently set forth in the legal philosophy on Intellectual Property Rights.In addition to the above provisions, the faithfulness No.11/2008 is the merely cybercrime statute in Indonesia, which also includes provisions on e-commerce and e-signature referring to the UNCITRAL present equity and the EU Directives on such subjects. This is by virtue of the sensory faculty of regulator or so inevit fitting legal convergence of telecommunications, media, and informatics. By performer of the principle of neutrality and efficiency, this product of law will be able to encompass the three specialties.Moreover, hacking, according to BATAN is de elegantd as infiltrating or breaching activities into an electronic system without rights, which usually aim to misuse or damage the system. kindred definition of hacking is also proposed by David S. Wall which is deliberate unauthorized access to spaces over which rights of ownership or access have already been established. Therefore, hacking hind end be incorporated into illegal access provisions. In the Article 30, there are three paragraphs that organize illegal access, inter alia 1 . Setiap orangutang dengan sengaja dan tanpa hak atau melawan hukum mengakses Komputer dan/atau Sistem Elektronik milik Orang lain dengan cara apa pun. It means whatsoever individual intentionally and without right or wrongful access to computers and/or electronic system belongs to any other soulfulness in any way.2. Setiap Orang dengan sengaja dan tanpa hak atau melawan hukum mengakses Komputer dan/atau Sistem Elektronik dengan cara apa pun dengan tujuan untuk memperoleh Informasi Elektronik dan/atau Dokumen Elektronik. It means any soul intentionally and without right or unlawful access to computers and/or electronic system in any way aim at obtaining electronic information and/or document. 3. Setiap Orang dengan sengaja dan tanpa hak atau melawan hukum mengakses Komputer dan/atau Sistem Elektronik dengan cara apa pun dengan melanggar, menerobos, melampaui, atau menjebol sistem pengamanan. It means any soulfulness intentionally and without right or unlawful access to compute rs and/or electronic system in any way by infiltrating, trespassing, surpassing, and breaking by a security system.The first offenses are to be punished with custody up to 6 years either with or without an administrative comely of up to IDR 600 million. Meanwhile the second offenses are to be sentenced by fetter up to 7 years either with or without an administrative fine of utmost IDR 700 million. The latter is to be sanctioned by imprison housement up to 8 years either with or without an administrative fine of up to IDR 800 million. During the past four years since enactment, a myriad of hacking incidents have taken place in Indonesia. However, only two object lessons were successfully expressed and bear on in apostrophize. The first case is a case of hacking (defacing) the Election deputation website in 2004 by Dani Firman. While the second case is a uniform case against the website of one Indonesias largest p nontextual mattery, Golkar, by Iqra Syafaat. In fact, accordi ng to data from the Association of Indonesian Internet Service Provider (APJII), in 2003, it has save 2267 cases of network incidents and in 2004 there were 1103 such cases. It can be cerebrate that the cases which fails to trial far less.Furthermore, another concern is phishing, defined as the stake of personal financial information that is subsequently used to defraud the dupe and relies upon the recipients inability to distinguish a bogus telecommunicate from a real one. Hence, it should be categorized into computer related forgery provision. Article 35 states Setiap Orang dengan sengaja dan tanpa hak atau melawan hukum melakukan manipulasi, penciptaan, perubahan, penghilangan, pengrusakan Informasi Elektronik dan/atau Dokumen Elektronik dengan tujuan agar Informasi Elektronik dan/atau Dokumen Elektronik tersebut dianggap seolah-olah data yang otentik. It implies any person intentionally and without right or unlawful manipulate, create, delete, alter, or suppress any electron ic document and/or information with the intent that it be considered as if it were authentic. Accordingly, this breach is to be sentenced up to 12 years in prison and a maximum fine of IDR twelve million. Unfortunately, there is no case hitherto which is brought to court proceeding.Finally, rare incidents of cybercrime exposed and processed in court trial as the aforementioned are caused by several factors, inter-alia the overlook of awareness among users, the absence of single identity number, the reluctance of victims to report, the limitedness of infrastructure or equipment and devices in the field of IT, and also the lack of law en compelment officers who have expertness in the field of IT. 1 . Indonesia rectitude Number 11/2008 nigh Information and Electronic Transaction, gateway into force on April 21,2008 2 . learn (n 1) machination 27 and art 9 in Convention on Cybercrime, Council of Europe, entry into force on July 1, 2004 3 . See (n 1) art 30 and art 2 in Conventio n on Cybercrime, Council of Europe, entry into force on July 1, 2004 4 . See (n 1) art 31 and art 3 in Convention on Cybercrime, Council of Europe, entry into force on July 1, 2004 5 . See (n 1) art 32 and art 4 in Convention on Cybercrime, Council of Europe, entry into force on July 1, 2004 6 . See (n 1) art 33 and art 5 in Convention on Cybercrime, Council of Europe, entry into force on July 1, 2004 7 . See (n 1) art 34 and art 6 in Convention on Cybercrime, Council of Europe, entry into force on July 1, 2004 8 . See (n 1) art 35 and art 7 in Convention on Cybercrime, Council of Europe, entry into force on July 1, 2004 9 . art 8 in Convention on Cybercrime, Council of Europe, entry into force on July 1, 2004 10 . (n 9) art 11 11 . (n 9) art 10 12 . Indonesia has several Laws on IPR such as Law No.12/1997 about Copyright, Law No.29/2000 about Vegetal Variety Protection, Law No.30/2000 about Trade Secrecy, Law No.31/2000 about Industrial Design, Law No.32/2000 about Layout De signs of Integrated Circuits, Law No.14/2001 about Patent, and Law No.15/2001 about Trademark 13 . See UNCITRAL Mode Law on E-commerce onhttp//www.uncitral.org/pdf/english/texts/electcom/05-89450_Ebook.pdf and UNCITRAL Mode Law on E-signature http//www.uncitral.org/uncitral/uncitral_texts/electronic_commerce/2001Model_signatures.html accessed family 28, 2012 14 . (n 1) Explanation 15 . BATAN is an Indonesian government institution which constitutes one of consulting agents of ICT, http//www.batan.go.id/sjk/uuite.html accessed September 29, 2012 16 . Wall, David S, Cybercrime The Transformation of Crime in the Information date, (Polity Press 2008) 53 17 . (n 1)

Operational Risk Management in Banking Sector: an Overview

ReseaRch stem Commerce great deal 3 Issue 1 January 2013 ISSN 2249-555X in operation(p) Risk Management in bank buildinging sphere of influence An every(prenominal) overview Keywords Rakesh Chutia Assistant, State aver of India Margheita-786181 Dist. -Tinsukia Assam ABSTRACT operative hazard is inseparable in all margeing products, activities and processes and brasss and the effective direction of running(a) take chances is of prevalent importance for e really briming companys board and senior trouble.With globalization and deregulation of financial marts, increase competition combined with the advent of in high spirits-end, innovative, educate engineering science tremendous changes clear taken place in the products statistical distribution channels and service delivery mechanism of the swaning sector. These have introduced to a greater extent complexities into the banking operations and consequently the jeopardy patterns and profiles of the industriou sness have also become complex, respective(a) and catastrophic. The New Capital Adequacy cloth of the Reserve Bank of India requires bank to maintain cracking explicitly towards operative endangerment.This paper tries to study the heterogeneous methodologies used by the banks in their functional put on the line counseling activity and to study the regulatory fabric related to working(a) chance management. mental hospital Since the late 1990s, globalization, deregulation, consolidation, outsourcing, breaking of geographical barriers by use of advanced technology, egression of e-commerce etc. have significantly changed the pipeline, economic and regulatory climate of the banking sector. These developments introduced more complexities into the activities of banks and their tryiness profiles.Consequently a series of high profile operational red events at Societe Generale, UBS, AIB, and National Australia Bank etc. have led banks and their managements knowledge domai n over to increasingly view operational danger management as an integral part of their hazard management activity like the management of market jeopardy and credit venture. The identification and measurement of operational risk is a significant issue for modern- solar day banks, particularly since the decision by theBasel Committee on Banking Supervision(BCBS) to introduce a uppercase dash for this risk as part of the new capital adequacy mannikin (Basel II). operable risk has been defined by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision as the risk of loss outcomeing from inadequate or failed congenital processes, people and systems or from orthogonal events. This definition is based on the underlying causes of operational risk. It seeks to station the causes of a loss event and at the broadest level includes the breakdown by four causes people, processes, systems and external chemical elements. Operational risk whitethorn materialise directly, e. g. , in electronic fund t ransfer (transfer of funds to the wrong person) or could result indirectly as a credit or market loss.Since at that place is a close linkage of operational risk with other(a) typefaces of risks, it is very important for banks to first have a clear understanding of the model of operational risk before designing the appropriate operational risk measurement and management framework. Different types of operational risk in Banking Sector The Basel Committee has identified the following types of operational risk events as having the capableness to result in substantial losses for banks Internal fraud. For example, intentional misreporting of positions, employee theft, and insider duty on an employees own account. Externalfraud. Forexample,robbery,forgery,chequekiting, and damage from computer hacking. Employment practices and body of work safety. For example, workers compensation claims, violation of employee health and safety rules, organised labour activities, contrariety clai ms, and general liability. Clients, products and transaction practices. For example, fiduciary breaches, misuse of confidential customer information, incorrect trading activities on the banks account, money laundering, and sale of unlicensed products. Damagetophysicalas sort outs. Forexample,terrorism,vandalism, earthquakes, fires and floods. Business disruption and system failures. For example, hardw atomic number 18 and softwargon failures, telecommunication problems, and utility-grade outages. Execution,deliveryandprocessmanagement. Forexample data entry errors, collateral management failures, incomplete legal documentation, and unauthorized access given to client accounts, non-client counterparty misperformance, and vendor disputes. OPERATIONAL jeopardize focal point PROCESS Operational Risk management generally encompasses the process of identifying risks to the bank, measuring exposures to those risks), ensuring that an effective capital planning and remindering prog ramme is in place, monitoring risk exposures and check capital needs on an ongoing basis, taking steps to underwrite or mitigate risk exposures. Identification of operational risk. Banks should identify and measure the operational risk inherent in all products, services,activities,processesandsystems.You can canvass also Portfolio Management QuizzesEffectiverisk identification should consider both internal factors (such as the banks structure, the nature of the banks activities, the quality of the banks human resources, organizational changes and employee turnover) and external factors (such as changes in the industry and technological advances) that could adversely affect the achievement of the banks objectives. AssessmentofOperationalRisk. Inadditiontoidentifying the risk events, banks should assess their vulnerability to these risk events.Effective risk discernment allows a bank to better understand its risk profile and most effectively nates risk management resources. A mongst the possible tools that may be used by banks for assessing operational risk are ? Self Risk Assessment A bank assesses its operations and activities against a menu of potential operational risk vulnerabilities. This process is internally driven and oftentimes incorpo pass judgment checklists and/or workshops to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the operational risk environment. 6 X Indian JOURNAL OF APPLIED enquiry ReseaRch PaPeR Risk Mapping In this process, various business units, organizational functions or process flows are mapped by risk type. This instance can reveal areas of weakness and help prioritise subsequent management action. ? Key Risk Indicators Key risk indicators are statistics and/ or metrics, often financial, which can declare oneself insight into a banks risk position. Such indicators may include the number of failed trades, staff turnover rates and the frequency and/or severity of errors and omissions. Measurement. A key element of risk manage ment is measuring the size and scope of the banks risk exposures.However, there is no clearly established, single method to measure operational risk on a bank-wide basis. Banks may develop risk assessment techniques that are appropriate to the size and complexities of their portfolio, their resources and data availability. A good assessment model essential cover certain standard features. An example is the hyaloplasm approach in which losses are categorized according to the type of event and the business line in which the event occurred. Banks may value their exposure to operational risk using a variety of approaches.Forexample,dataonabankshistoricallossexperience could provide meaningful information for assessing the banks exposure to operational risk and developing a policy to mitigate/control the risk. MonitoringofOperationalRisk. Aneffectivemonitoring process is congenital for adequately managing operational risk. Banks should implement a process to regularly monitor operat ional risk profiles and material exposures to losses. In addition to monitoring operational loss events, banks should identify appropriate indicators that provide early warning of an increased risk of futurelosses.Such indicators should be forward-looking and could reflect potential sources of operational risk such as rapid growth, the unveiling of new products, employee turnover, transaction breaks, system downtime, and so on. There should be regular reporting of pertinent informationtoseniormanagementandtheBoardofDirectors that supports the proactive management of operational risk Controls/MitigationofOperationalRisk. Withregardto operational risk, several methods may be adopted for mitigatingtherisk. Forexample,lossesthatmightarise on account of natural disasters can be ascertain against. buttones that might arise from business disruptions due to telecommunication or galvanizing failures can be rationalise by establishing redundant backup facilities. Loss due to internal fac tors, like employee fraud or product flaws, which may be difficult to identify and insure against, can be mitigated through strong internal auditing procedures. The Board of Directors and senior management must make efforts for establishing a strong internal control culture in which control activities are an integral part of the regular activities of a bank.Banks should sporadically review their risk positation and control strategies and should adjust their operational risk profile accordingly using appropriate strategies, in light of their boilersuit risk appetite and profile. Investment in appropriate processing technology and information technology security are also important for risk mitigation. Banks should also have in place contingency and business continuity plans to ensure their ability to serve on an ongoing basis and limit losses in the event of severe business disruption.OPERATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT APPROACHES IN BASEL II The Basel framework (2004) proposes a range of approaches for setting divagation regulatory capital for operational risk under Pillar 1 The staple fibre Indicator approach shot (BIA), The Standardised Approach(TSA)andtheAdvancedMeasurementApproach (AMA). Allthethreeapproachesdifferintheircomplexityand the banks are encouraged to remind on the spectrum of approaches as they obtain more sophistication in their risk management practices.The Basic Indicator Approach is the simplest approach for estimating regulatory capital, wherein slew 3 Issue 1 January 2013 ISSN 2249-555X banks are required to set by an amount equal to the average over the previous three years of 15% of positive annual gross income. In The Standardised Approach, banks activities are divided into eight business lines Corporate finance, Trading & Sales, retail Banking, Commercial Banking, Payment & Settlement, Agency Services, Asset Management and sell Brokerage.While gross income continues to be the main indicator of operational risk as under the Basic Indicator Approach, the specific amount to be set obscure as a percentage of the gross income varies between business lines, ranging from 12 to 18% , as compared to the 15% overall under the Basic Indicator Approach. This approach is more refined than the Basic Indicator Approach as it takes into the account the fact that some business lines are riskier than others and indeed a higher proportion of capital has to be set apart for those business lines.The Advanced MeasurementApproach(AMA)isbasedonthebanksinternalmodels to quantify operational risk. The framework gives flexibility to the banks in the characteristics of the choice of internal models, though it requires banks to demonstrate that the operational risk measures piece a soundness standard comparable to a one-year keeping period and a 99. 9% confidence level, which means that a banks capital charge should be equal to at least 99. 9% quantile of their annual aggregate loss distribution.Banks are required to fac tor in four key elementsindesigningtheirAdvancedMeasurementApproach framework internal loss data, external loss data, scenario analysis and bank specific business environmental and internal control factors. The methodologies under the advanced approach are evolving and there are a range of methods in practice in banks internationally. OPERATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF INDIAN BANKING SECTOR The Reserve Bank of India is the regulator and supervisor of the banking system in India and is entrusted with the task of framing the capital adequacy guidelines for banks in India under Basel II.Public sector banks, where the Government of India is the major shareholder, rule the Indian banking system, accounting for nearly three-fourths of total assets and income. These banks are bighearted and very old banks, operating through thousands of branches spread all over the country. The new private sector banks are fully automated from day-one and operate like other high-tech foreign b anks. The private sector banks have grown rapidly since the onset of reforms and have increased their share in total assets of the banking industry, whereas the public sector banks have witnessed shrinkage in their market share.The public sector banks have only recently started automating their processes and operations. This transition has present significant challenges in the management of operational risk to the banks as introduction of new technology and complete overhauling of the existing systems requires a re-engineering of business processes, instruction of manpower, audit in a computerized environment and other related operational risk challenges. The new generation private sector banks on the other hand have to deal with the risks arising from growth at a scorchingpace.WiththereformsintheIndianbankingsectorand banks macrocosm allowed to access new markets and sophisticated products, the Reserve Bank of India has also been repeatedly advising the banks to have in place an effective and resilient control framework in place to manage operational risks. Specific guidance on management of operational risk has also been issued as per which some banks particularly the larger and internationally active banks are expected to move along the range towards more sophisticated pproaches as they develop more sophisticated operational risk management systems and practices which meet the prescribed qualifying criteria. termination ManagingOperationalRiskisemergingasanimportantelement of sound risk management practice in modern day banks in the wake of phenomenal increase in volume of transactions, high degree of structural changes and complex technological support systems. RBI expects all Indian banks to strengthen their operation risk management system and to INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH X 7 ReseaRch PaPeR e in readiness to graduate to more sophisticated approaches of operational risk management under Basel norms. In order to derive utmost gains banks need to gear up efforts for speedy and effective implementation of comprehensive Volume 3 Issue 1 January 2013 ISSN 2249-555X operational risk management frameworks and thereby bring more efficiency, transparency, profitability and sustainability into their operations. REFERENCE Reserve Bank of India, Department of Banking Operations and Development, Central Office, Mumbai, (2005), Draft guidance note on management of operational risk, 2.Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (August, 2003) The union Forum Operational risk transfer across financial sectors, 3. Usha, Janaki, Raman, (2008) Operational Risk Management in Indian Banks in the Context of Basel II A Survey of the State of Preparedness and Challenges in Developing the Framework, 4. Rao, D, Tripati and Ghosh, Prodipta, (2008) Preparedness of Indian Banks in Managing Operational Risk, 5. Kale, Ketan and Agarwal, Mohit, Marsh India, (2011) Operational Risk Mitigation & Basel II Accord Challenges & Opportunities. 8 X INDIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH

Zappos.Com Case Essay

1. Sources of competitive improvement lay in the field of their first offer. * First of all they postd a huge selection of styles, colors and sizes of shoes as it was ace of the biggest problems of traditionalistic retailers. * At the first stage of their entering of the market, Zappos was the first-mover, which eventually supported its winner as the market for on-line order of shoes was estimated to be astir(predicate) $2 billion. * High level of customer satisfaction was also one of the definitive factors to indicate proper operations of the Zappos.Company achieved such a victor due to its corporate culture and a value of extreme submergence on its customers. In the retail business on of the indicators of retailer advantage is the level of customer return and Zappos succeed to attain this indicator on a very high level. Corporate culture was about delivering debauchery effect by dint of renovation and hiring volume who were passionate about service was the most import ant concerns of the upper side-managers.This WOW effect was delivering through many slipway from the speed of site loading, all-round telephone support, allowance for 365 days of return, spacious information about the carrefours and fast site loading. Thats w presentfore customers were ordain to make purchases to a greater extent often. In my opinion, service is a very important part of providing sustainable sales growth for the company as it creates an get a line of reliable company which operates in the internet and helps people to choose surrounded by traditional shopping and e-shopping. This image magic spell managed properly was a sustainable competitive advantage for Zappos.As it was mostly mentioned features of a corporate culture which succeed this competitive advantage than we dissolve say that corporate culture is a background for it. 2. According to the position of the company to retain loyalty of the customers and provide WOW effect through service, it became more important to use UPS as a reliable logistics provider and organize 1-day air delivery with no extra set. Therefore, I can assume that reducing marketing be for gaining new customers were the right decision as long-term partnership with precedent customers was able to generate profit and new customers in the long unscramble perspective.From an some other side, Zappos was able to keep transportation cost on the immutable level part from the scale of the collaboration with UPS (as it was mentioned, Zappos has become one of the top three UPS shippers). And as it was estimated, UPS ground shipping was able to reach b atomic number 18ly 11% of Zappos customer within 1 day. Knowing the fact that consumers got apply to high qualitative and fast delivery, this could significantly harm the perception of the deformity by loyal customers. This is the reason why company didnt turn down to provide one-day air shipping. . First of all, we should understand that in situation of crisi s people are decreasing their spending on high-end products if they previously had opportunities for that. Thats why it can be suggested, that company should concentrate more on spile market products and decrease costs while being very overcareful about scalable expansion. As it was mentioned in the case, Zappos searched for opportunities to improve its supply cosmic string without harmful effect on customer satisfaction.From this point of view, company can concentrate more on retaining loyal customers and acquiring new customers partly by providing promotional discount actions, but at the aforesaid(prenominal) prison term keep prices on the same level, otherwise it can create a sense of discounter among Zappos clients. 4. The most important concern while expanding such business as Zappos is retaining this WOW effect. There are many factors which could contact this service oriented culture negatively, so that company should understand that fast expansion in the situation of crisis can be very risky.From the other hand, there is no need to add more product to its product range as its already sell shoes, clo liaison, handbag, accessories, baby products, beauty, entertainment, eyewear, home, jewelry, sporting goods, and watches. In my opinion, company can diversify its businesses by developing other e-platforms with mentioning that they are powered by Zappos. That means that company could partly avoid risks committed with brand perception and increases sales level by selling more products. 5. The environment of a more cost-conscious consumer can harm the business if it wont be careful about its costs.The main idea here is to provide at least the same level of quality in service with constant rates. Zappos can lower transportation costs through developing closer relationships with transport companies (for ex. try to reduce shipment costs from UPS or use ground shipment when it wont stockpile delivery time). Company can also provide selective discounts (fo r ex. providing promotion discounts for loyal customers or creating encouraging promotional events). They could also take into context competitors activities and offers in order to make sure that they provide the best prices or better opportunities for their clients.Zappos must take advantage of its other core competencies to discipline that the customer will choose to buy from Zappos as long as they are not paying more for the product. Probably, other variant to rise sales would be testing the system when customer have an luck to enjoy free shipping for a bit higher price, while company could gain profitability from a scope of the shipments. 6. First thing which comes to a mind is preserving Zappos corporate culture and brand on the same level as these things made Zappos that successful.In my opinion, it would be better to leave Zappos as an independent entity with its charismatic top-manager and founder Tony Hsieh while his forces led company to the hint position. Another thin g to concern is a cost structure. One of the ship canal that Amazon tries to deliver a great customer experience is by offering low prices, whereas Zappos wasnt ever been concentrated on price competition. This policy also shouldnt be excluded from the Zappos future strategy as Zappos brand is more about service, but not a low price.Probably, another important step would be Zappos access to Amazon resources. They could be improvements and access to supply chain expertise, warehouses, suppliers and other advantages. Finally, Amazon could use Zappos for aspect upmarket towards higher-priced goods. The high touch model obviously comes with higher costs. Its much more attractive when selling a $400 checkmate of boots than a $29 pair of flip-flops. Zappos has already been rapidly expanding their product offerings so greater sales of fashion items like handbags and wallets are already locomote in this direction.