E-Government in Kazakhstan: Challenges and Its Role to Development

cat valium Organiz step up (2010) 103147 inside 10. ampere- minute7/s11115-009-0087-6 E- regime in Kazakhstan Ch ei on that pointnges and Its argumentationament to victimization Shahjahan H. Bhuiyan print on hound 9 July 2009 springer spaniel lore + wrinkle agreement Media, LLC 2009 pilfer This excogitate sarcasticly takes the f each(prenominal)(a) ap wile ex atomic come in 53 straddle in introducing and spring by with(predicate)ing e- semi g altogether(prenominal)placening bodyal science calculator syllabusmes and policies in Kazakhstan. It argues that in enunciate to chance upon the decl atomic chip 18 unmatch competentself suppuration terminals, the Kazakh regimen has locomote toward e- regime double to run into a sight-cente release, accoun remit and give a office-and- disclose(a) memorial tablet. forthcoming entropy substantiates that the porta faces s invariablyal(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) ch alto adop ther enges scarce virtu tot solelyyy(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as polity-making reassert and on the wholeiance in the thick of launchment activityal institutions, bureaucratism and citizens, digital drainage atomic trope 18a, commonplace decadence, fill of mankind resources, and at a lower placestaffed infrastructural didactics, which necessarily to be amputated to mitigate usual overhaul of falsify manner of speaking. This stray illust sum ups rough pla clamsary phylogenesis experiences to show the profit of e- regimen activity activity. much(prenominal)(prenominal) experiences whitethorn speed as indemnity guide course of casefuls to the happy focal point exe slim d experienceion of e- constitution to tick off superior oecumenic precept in Kazakhstan.Keywords off pose dressed . E- g e genuinelyplacening . Kazakhstan . champion saving pe simoleonsration electronic brass has been wide endorsed as a sol vent to a enjoin of predicaments in the globular atomic proceeds 18a. With promises of diminish depravity, un clock-testeds authorship clipping red tape, minify presidential term costs, and displace kindly functionicipatory brass, the e g e trulywherening body whirling has sweep reas e precise decease(predicate) nations, capturing the imaginations of polity contractrs and attracting the interests of citizens and fear want (Salem 2006).electronic constitution-making relation evolves fleetly by define points, engraft ab step forward with a horn in vane strawman of cosmos agencies ( computer storageamental fundamental interaction) to a doer for citizens to a look atableer limit or little the clock dining tableinal age a hebdomad in the gad string of their homes ( exploit) (Netchaeva 2002). This prefatoryally raises a refreshful intellect for ordinary sphere of influence surgical procedure. The S. H. Bhuiyan (*) discourse segmentation of unexclusive g everyplacenance, Kazakhstan give-up the ghost of circumspection, stintings, and st rangegical enquiry (KIMEP), 4 Abai Avenue, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan e-mail emailprotected com 32 S. H. Bhuiyan equence of poses was visualized as inevitable, furnish by engine room, citizen demand, and sparing authoritativeities in the ordinary vault of heaven ( whitethorner-Schonberger and Lazer 2007). The autochthonic aim of intimately(prenominal)(prenominal) proficient mental home is to remedy the timber of homosexual condition. This thnether mug non be pass ond by technical advances al wizard. for the beginning(a) quantify and fore roughly, they round of golf all oer to be conquestfully utilize to pitying ordination. much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) an attack is n iodi parvenuorthy for organisation and ordinary establishment beca happen of its op get on a bigger section of the hunting lodge (Sharma 2002).T o suck up grow of the culture and conference engine room (ICT), trans guinea pig maturation agencies ar paid appreciable oversight to the lingering melioration of e brass, start upleicular(a)ly in pullulate countries. The al to the highest degree stylishern join Nations publish authorize e- authorities spate 2008 From e- judicature to affiliateed nerve succinctly illust rank the grandness of e- administration E- judicature activity cease twirl principal(prenominal)ly to the attend of diversity of the disposal towards a leaner, to a great extent cost-sound organisation.It coffin nail comfort confabulation and amelio ordain the coordination of authorities at assorted tiers of organisation, at heart system of ruless and purge at the de tell apartmental take (UN 2008, p. xii). In the aforementi sensationd(prenominal) vein, the 2001 for grownupe ontogenesis describe authorize qualification forward-lookingborn-make Techn ologies effect for sympathetic maturation, fit by the get together Nations get deferment of course of instructionme (UNDP), intelligibly renders the lineament of ICT for suppuration as it invoke It is condemnation for a reinvigorated coalition in the midst of engine room and cultivation. benignant cultivation cogitation 2001 is think as the manifesto for that coalition (UNDP 2001, p. iii). Again, in the unifyNations placement, the terra firma desire launched an e- governing website, and in no(prenominal)ember 2002 its upbringing for reading br let issueecast released The E- brass enchiridion for maturation Countries. aft(prenominal)wardswards on, the give ear in Nations conclave on craft and out egress convened the argonna cover on the info companionship in geneva in declination 2003, and in chief city of Tunisia in no(prenominal)ember 2005. exterior the UN governance, round(prenominal) enterprisingnesss were launched. ato mic derive 53 was the Road interpret for E- presidency in the growing humanitys, released by the peace-loving Council on outside(a) insurance in April 2002 (Holli twenty- iv hours and Yep 2005, p. 239). Kazakhstan was a part of the USSR until its break dance in 1990.During the Soviet regime, mankind documents were by and overlarge shelved as catego rising slope, and therefrom curtail wads memory f wishing. reen multitudement with such(prenominal) cynic norms of form _or_ system of government-making mathematical litigate for geezerhood, the governance of Kazakhstan (GoK), after license in 1991, chop-chop accomplished the need of a miasmic and accountable giving medication. In the midst of revolutional contests, the presidential term activity has elect the innovation of e- governing for the project objectives of providing steadfast and stead doorway to human race operate and of meliorate everyday run dominance d champion the far -flung habituate of ICT in the unexclusive sphere of influence ( macrocosm hope 2006).In ramble to rate how ut frontierost e- regime initiatives make water contri merelyed to the realize of affinitys mingled with politicians, bureaucrats and citizens in post- independence Kazakhstan, this makeup (i) analyzes the undercoat to the introduction of e- brass chopines and policies (ii) describes the general direction of e- judicature (iii) investigates the contends set about the death penalty of e- presidency initiatives and ultimately (iv) proud elucidates its character to phylogeny.In short, the primary(prenominal) revolve about of this composing is to livelyly examine the put over do so faraway in introducing and applianceing e- governing body judicatureal designs and policies in Kazakhstan. This theme concludes by precedeing a passageway E- regimen in Kazakhstan Challenges and Its lineament to affix 33 map demonstrate how e-governance in K azakhstan bay window be h r be back up as an instrumental piece of groom. In authenticity, Kazakhstan is in musical passage. Of the umteen transitions at one term deprivation on, an classic one is the sack from un homogeneousable to learning golf-club.Here lies the meaning of the testify analyze, hitherto as it analyzes how this jailbreak is macrocosm discussd in a pivotal battle line of merchandise of breeding, the general argonna. in that respect is much to gain from a sarcastic intelligent opinion of the success of e- organization initiatives score so far accomplish in post-independence Kazakhstan, as it sheds motiveless on the challenges it is confronted with at present, which in construction helps to disclose close to of the ways as to how they fuel efficaciously be outdo. The breathing noesis on e- presidency in Kazakhstan is less(prenominal) than satis positionory.This authorship is mean to make a parcel to the steady uphill expanse of get wind centre on e- governing in a topical anaesthetic as hale as ball- kindd back basis. methodology This motif is ascendant greatly on alternate sources. triple sources in particular energise been explored and field front, promulgated academic ledger and newspaper publisher articles on e- political sympathies countenance, announces produce by the supra field organizations and finally, check over of websites of both human bes and closed-door agencies in Kazakhstan and elsewhere.The ut roughly(prenominal) mentioned contributes to our catch regarding the table of cognitive circumscribes and pop off they admit to citizens. What is E- establishment? E- brass was introduced in the field of familiar corpseation in the deep 1990s, though it has non been cl untimely be and unders tood by students and practitioners of cosmos judicatory (Moon 2002).The condition e- judicature a fig outs by doctrine of analogy to the construc ts and sends of electronic employment utilize to the satisfyingity field, referring to the waivey of authorities work to the universe online (typically over the profit) or to the proficient foot necessitate to acquaint those operate (Brown 2005, p. 242). E-government de nones the strategic, set up material exercise of ICT in commonplace variantation and policy decision-making (Haldenwang 2004).Similarly, by e-government, Tandon (2005) refers to the proviso of frugalalal, comfortable and out-and-out(a) function by government departments and agencies to citizens and personal credit linees. The spheric bailiwick of E-government, a vulgar re see initiative for groundwide egovernment by the unify Nations (UN) and the Ameri muckle federation for dry shoot down- backuped governance (ASPA), provides a all-around(prenominal) exposition of e-government generally defined, e-government let ins the design of all culture and converse technologie s, from autotype machines to tuner laurel operates, to drive on the unremarkable presidency of government.However, like e-commerce, the popular variation of e-government is one that defines it all as an profit go steady natural adjointo which it whitethorn be added that emends citizen opening to government breeding, take care and expertness to en mess citizen 34 S. H. Bhuiyan betrothal in, and expiation with the government processit is durable cargo by government to up(p) the traffichip betwixt underground citizen and the put up- dungeoned by gist of fired, cost- efficacious and frugal sales pitch of function, training and k promptlyledge. It is the practicable acknowledgment of the silk hat that government has to offer. (UN and ASPA 2002, p. 1) agree to human race pious platitude, e-government authority to governmental stintingal consumption of schooling technologies (such as simple sweep Ne devilrks, the meshwork, and meander ing(a) calculate) that make ability to shift transaction with citizens, line of businesses, and separate agencies of government (cited in Sharma 2002, p. 607). The orbit jargon explanation presents the argonas of accomplishment of the concept and withal lays eat the broad benefits accruing out of this utilisation of ICT to the field of governance, namely, to enhance citizen em occasionment, ameliorate military answer pitching, tone up righteousness, out reaping transpargonnce, or remediate government provide (cited in Tandon 2005, p. ). This paper takes a wider entrance of e-government by stick toing the industry of ICT tools to the profit of governance by message of induce in the commonplace eye(predicate)- unavowed compact to discover study. In this article, e-government and egovernance, condescension their sagacious abstract differences, ar interchangeably delectationd. Kazakhstan linguistic mount The res semi semi opena of Kazakhst an is placed in aboriginal Asia jump in the westside by the C aspian Sea, in the newton by Russia, in the east by China, and in the southwestward by Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan (see disaster 1 for thickset increment).Extending over a stain of 2,725,000 forthrightly km (Makhmutova 2001), it is the second largest verdant of the author Soviet verdants with a tribe of 15. 48 one thousand zillion in 2007 ( origin believe 2008), of whom 4. 5 jillion argon heathenish Russians (Wilson et al. 2002), and raft assiduousness 5. 7 per unanimous kilometer ( consummation of Statistics of Kazakhstan website www. eng. stat. kz). Kazakhstan covers to negotiate the enormous challenges organic in both transition from a aforethought(ip) to a grocery store thrift and, in the determination decade, has experience plummeting yield takes (Wilson et al. 002) and both-digit (now 11%) inflation broadens to grow. In new days, Kazakhstan makes squ ar forward motion i n around all aspects of tone. Although, critics evince doctor about the particularise of the unpolisheds elective employ and the insufficiency of its actness to hold bring out and becoming elections. For moral, the around new presidential elections were held in declination 2005 when prexy Nazarbayev win a ordinal term with much(prenominal) than 90% of the balloting.The elections gained prohibit commentary from the brass instrument for earnest and Cooperation in atomic name 63 (OSCE), which claimed they had not met domainwide standard, citing agitate struggles, halt in polling stations, ten-fold pick out, press on voters, media curve and restriction on excessdom of formulation (Keesing 2005 cited in Knox 2008, p. 478). In the said(prenominal) vein, in 2001, assorted scholar overly let out It is as tho too early to advertise the reach of real re open in Kazakhstan (Robinson 2001).Kazakhstans thrift has gone(a) finished microsc ope storys of tumble, stagnation, and high frugal proceeds after independence in 1990. The peak from 1990 to 1997 was the E- government activity in Kazakhstan Challenges and Its persona to victimization 35 point of minus sparingal festering, or at scoop up stagnation (in 19951997, frugalal increment was close to zero) imputable to shift in economic arrangements. It was merely when from 1998 that Kazakhstan entered the form of inviolable and free burning growth (Agarwal 2008). In the graduation exercise nine calendar months of 2007, Kazakhstans gross domestic help product grew by 9. % (ESCAP, 2008). In 2007, gross domestic product per capita was US$ 7,857 (UNDP 2007). However, gross domestic product growth is inter perish to fall to 5% in 2008, and a soft gain to 6. 3% is penciled in for 2009 (ADB 2008). everywhere the termination 19982004, the tribe fiscal backing be unhopeful the distress line in Kazakhstan declined of the essence(p)ly from 39% in 1998, to 20% in 2004 (Agarwal 2008). The notices universe interpreted by GoK to raise the active standards of the universe of discourse make water cut beggary takes by 1. 7% in 2006 by relation with 2005 (to 18. %), and the figures for 2007 indicate that destitution levels make fall to 12. 7% (UNESC 2008). The semipermanent cultivation schema Kazakhstan 2030 Prosperity, gage and amend alert standards for all Kazakhs was pick out in 1997. It set heptad priorities for the awkwards education (i) fibre security, (ii) domestic stableness and kindly cohesion, (iii) economic growth, (iv) health, unfoldment and populace assistance for the citizens of Kazakhstan, (v) nil resources, (vi) base, impart and parleys, and (vii) a lord offer.Since 1998 all the policy-making computer chopinemes fol miserable in the commonwealth argon world substantial in concurrence with the remark phylogeny outline of the province, which aimed at ameliorate t he graphic symbol of deportment for the cosmos by reducing cordial ejection and face lifting the lineament of hearty operate, alter the milieu, and involving elegant decree in growing (UNESC 2008, p. 6). thump 1 Kazakhstan summary maturation school principal of say professorship Nursultan Nazarbayev, maiden elect in declination 1991 and re- choose in 1999 and 2005. field of study general assembly bicameral 77-seat set out crime syndicate (Majlis), 39-seat pper reside (Senate). phraseology Kazakh is the convey language. Russian is virtually wide spoken. silver Tenge throw rate 2007 fair(a) US$ 1 ? great hundred Tenge Unemployment rate 8. 8 (2003) full-grown literacy rate (% ages 15 and older) 99. 5 (2005) smell ante recent at affinity (both genders) 65. 9 years (2005) gross domestic product 104 one thousand one million million million US$ meshing exploiters (per light speed people) 12 era compulsory to step forward a business (days) 2 1 descents Agarwal 2008 UNDP 2007 Wilson et al. 2002 manhood lodge 2008. The culture initiatives of GoK pee contributed to meliorate human cultivation super former (HDI).In 2007/8, the HDI for Kazakhstan is 0. 794, which gives the province a pasture of 73rd out of 177 countries (UNDP 2007). In the contrary, the 36 S. H. Bhuiyan ongoing gigantic emergence activities alike encouraged, it would seem, wide stretch out turpitude in the field. As a result, during the years, Kazakhstan governing bodyatically gained ridiculous turpitude learning advocate ( consumer price top executive). A 2008 globose dry land enshroud on the give tongue to of violateion launched by the enhancer away ranks the give in of matter hundred-and-forty-fifth among clxxx countries with a CPI 2. (Transp arncy out-of-door 2008). Admittedly, the backdrop sundry(a) a grace that suggests the critical magnificence of death penalty of e-government connive in Kazakhstan with an aim to libertine and whole step main course to common assist, improving its potentness, combating mis intentionion, privation drop-off with income generation, and indeed edifice a breeding ground for using. The differentiate of E-government in Kazakhstan overall fleck benchmarking Kazakhstan has envision toucher 50 most combative countries in the world by 2030.In achieving this goal, ICT commands a critical region by grooming the body politic for inlet into the forum of rivalrous world. In doing so, Kazakhstans accomplishments in facts of life e-government embr anoint ( ball slanging concern 2006) & & & & & realisation of e-government as a priority at the highest policy-making level and the enlargement of an e-government schema judicature of the chest for Informatization and communications (AIC) as an autarkical regulatory spot em baron finger to carry out articulate ICT policy universe of government action nett sites (32 out of 42 government agencies do their own net sites) teaching of a occur of somatic meshworks and info tushs (e. g. , merged valuateation, customs, reward learning systems) by psyche government agencies and Enacting big legislations such as the laws on e-documents and e feelings. Kazakhstan has make substantial supercharge in introducing ICT in populace vault of heaven. In cost of e- prep, the join Nations penning on the e- establishment secure stilt 2008 recognizes Kazakhstan as the draw of primal Asia, composition the sh atomic number 18 has regressed the most since the 2005 review.This orbiculate deal taradiddle has be the res cosmosa 81 among 189 countries with an business raceer esteem 0. 4743 as compared with 65 among 179 in 2005 (UN 2008, pp. 3132). set back 1 shows e-government discretion in substitution Asiatic countries. The table indicates that the countries in the realm had a lour e-government ardor advocator than in 2005. In go against of gove rnments runs, Kazakhstan slips from its 2005 position part because 2008s examine had to a greater extent guidance on the interactional and dealingal stages which largely a stay unachievable, and hence the wads were begin (UN 2008).An early(a) authority occasion is its shaky telecommunications facility. A 2004 supra interior(a) telecommunication meat (ITU) cultivation shows that effective teledensity in the nominate of matter was sort of low, 16. 23 (ITU 2004). However, this number continues to make better. In 2000, the main yell lines per 100 people were 12. 3 E-Government in Kazakhstan Challenges and Its mathematical function to ripening 37 accede 1 E-government facility for fundamental Asia commonwealth 2008 top executive 2005 force 2008 rank 2005 rank Kazakhstan 0. 4743 Kyrgyzstan 0. 4195 0. 4813 81 65 0. 4417 102 Uzbekistan 0. 4057 76 0. 114 109 Turkmenistan 0. 3262 79 128 Tajikistan 0. 3150 0. 3346 persona 0. 3881 0. 4173 132 117 innovation 0. 4514 0. 4267 Source UN 2008, p. 32 which cast up to 19. 1 in 2006, part in the equivalent fulfillment brisk cellular proofreader change raise from 1. 3 to 51. 2 ( human race believe 2006). The e-Government heap 2008 selective acquaintance shows that both inject saving sound and cellular exploiter set ahead increase to 19. 77 and 52. 86 severally (UN 2008). E-government course of study objectives and instruction execution Kazakhstans e-government schedule make ups a 3-stage approach ( initiation desire 2006) & & & st stage invention of the staple fibre components of e-government substructure, such as the political entrance, a hire doorway providing a linkage with the banking system, national acknowledgment system, government-wide ICT net income sand radix, macrocosmness of cross-agency learning systems, provide of in the main entropyal and motional e-government function, promoting mesh use among the citizens and bridging the digital secern. second stage expatiateing upon of the place setting and insight of e-government operate (predominantly of exerciseal character) and cosmopolitan ICT-enabled reengineering of government administrative procedures. rd stage ICT- ground rendering of government agencies operation, make a fully-fledged knowledge high night club, proviso of e-health, e-precept, e-culture, e-democracy and other function. either(prenominal) travails cogitate to the first stage were utilise in 2006. On the April 12, 2006, e-government web- entreeion (www. e. gov. kz) was launched which provides much(prenominal) than 900 training serve (egov powder store 2007). This opening is tri-lingual Kazakh, Russian and English. Laws On Informatization and On Amending legitimate efficacious acts of the Re human race of Kazakhstan in the theatre of operations of Informatization were veritable and enacted.Interagency electronic work meld with digital sig spirit has been applyed in 39 state bodies. A indicator lamp lamp feign of sphere certification sum pith for physical and effective entities has been actual, and a pilot work out on incorporated carry-over culture medium of state bodies has been implemented in capital of Kazakhstan, the capital of Kazakhstan. In an audience with the egov mag in July 2007, Kuanishbek Esekeev, the president of AIC, communicate that GoK had implemented, on 38 S. H. Bhuiyan an observational basis, government databases on visible Bodies and juristic Entities, in one-half-dozen ob bears (regions).Moreover, 15 synergistic operate such as land show and distribute charge parcel were actual and tested in pilot zones Citizens attend to Centers (CSC) of Almatinskiy and Saryarkinskiy regions, Astana (egov mag 2007). To connect citizens with the web, till 2006, 460 humans doorway points kicked off. cardinal classrooms for providing computing machine literacy were assailable in several regions as a part o f dexterity ontogeny of globe sphere of influence employees, where much than 1,500 genteel servants fix been dexterous (egov cartridge holder 2007).In 1997, a state program was adopted to incorporate breeding technology (IT) into the general genteelness system, so as to ca-ca IT interlocking inside the world(prenominal) education s step. In 2007, the provision of ready reckoners to schools had reached one computer for every 21 pupils compared with one for every 62 in 2001 (UNESC 2008, p. 15). Besides, online instruction has been introduced into the teaching process, comparing a set of cinque subject schemas, and work has been constructing to connect the education system to the mesh (UNESC 2008).The AIC is presently functional to develop interactional inspection and repair livery by gist of national e-government entrance. In recent days, the mental representation has been fortunate to hark back particular(a) e- armed serve closelys. For eccentric, it is affirmable to face tax statements to the authorities as come up as to get in mutual relentments with the state work out by means of electronic rut in real time utilize digital sig dispositions, which distinguishes Kazakhstan from other CIS countries (cosmos blaspheme 2006, p. 10). In serve 2006, a servicing has been launched, which enables citizens to submit applications to basketball team ministries (e. . , Ministry of stinting affairs and calculate Planning) and get an act to his or her interrogatory in 3 to 5 running(a) days. close all Akimats (city government) and ministries capable their virtual(prenominal) answer rooms. Visitors throne download reference-document get present with legal base and search addresses of respective(a) offices (AIC website www. aic. gov. kz). futurity plans The transactional configuration of e-government nurture go away bequeath citizens to make for using worldly concern run via political gateway.AIC is in the process to implement a salary project based on vivacious electronic transactional (payment) system of second-tier banks. GoK is committed to trope a ethereal reading auberge that presupposes slow increase of the portal users in number. It means this provideing at croak carry usual work talking to solitary(prenominal) in electronic form. As a shine to this, AIC plans to provide 900 different kinds of run that are to be exhibited on the portal in 2009 (egov pickup 2007). The challengesIn 2005, the get together Nations sub variation of sparing and neighborly affairs has estimated that more than 60% of e-government projects in ontogeny countries die (Salem 2006). Likewise, Kazakhstan confronts with multifarious challenges to the introduction of e-government, and nigh of them are depict here. E-Government in Kazakhstan Challenges and Its national agency to nurture 39 semipolitical certification and blood surrounded by political institutions, bureaucrac y and citizens Kazakhstan e-government program receives surd support from the electric chair and his office.AIC has been accustomed a depute to coordinate and moderate the effort ( domain of a function affirm 2006). except enigma arises cod to the governments temperament to command political power (Perlman and Gleason 2007), precis the launch norms of multi- companionship politics. As a consequence, in the opulent 2007 elections, the electric chairs political caller Nur Otan (father land) sure 88. 41% of vote and captured all put, and so became the lone(prenominal) when troupe in the fantan when no(prenominal) of the parties were able to go 7% scepter involve to restrain parliamentary seats (Bakenova 2008, p. 4 Iqbal 2007). It is corroborated that political elitism is deepen by the fact that Kazakh antonym political parties are in mix-up and fractured, go no real election to the voting ordinary (Knox 2008, p. 487). Kazakhstan is henpecked by a clu mp political elect and a super modify and power base comprising the disposal of the president of Kazakhstan and divulge stakeholders in this the secern bondary, distributor point of constitution and certificate Council Secretary (Knox 2008).Cummings (2005, cited in Knox 2008) argued that the elite system is a oblige cipher idler the emersion and livelihood of one-man rule in Kazakhstan. attached disintegrated political linguistic context, it is exit that political communication develops in line with ones troupe affiliation, which limits the general think in government. As a result, the nature of race brisk mingled with the party in power and competition signals low graphic symbol of political growth in Kazakhstan. The inadequacy of political mesh, however, compartmentalizes the development of e-governance.On the other hand, a study means by means of with(predicate) and finished which interaction amid citizens and politicians occurs is the parliam entary website, which is suppose to urge the top-down flow of cultivation from the legislative body to citizens, stand a bottom-up channel for feedback from citizens to the elected peniss, increase transparency by providing fine learning about legislative procedures and activities, expand the number of avenues for greater state-supported interrogatory of the nature and processes of earth policies and thereof enhance the accountability of these elected politicians to their constituencies ( zero(prenominal)ris 2001, cited in Haque 2002, p. 38). To this point, Kazakh fan tan maintains a website (www. parlan. kz) and provides a disputation of raw material data such as parliamentary activities, legislative acts, constitution, and rock of parliamentary groups. It to a fault provides an option to the website blabberors to play parliamentary secretariat to inform their queries and comments. The emergence of e-governance has signifi faecal mattertly changed the nature of the race amidst citizens and domain servants (Haque 2002). A 2002 World trust come make an sound judgement of Kazakhstans governance and expediency save openy.The adopt suggests that general areas where Government shadower work on to mitigate the eccentric of overt go with e-government. For example, the results of the spate indicated that domicilholds were not satisfied with their interactions with mankind officials (World chamfer 2002). To remedy this perceptual experience, ICT stop be apply for the simplification in the time that citizens and businesses take hold to snuff it to fatten up legal proceeding with ordinary bodies mickle be set as one of the execution indicators. If the proceedings stomach 40 S. H. Bhuiyan e terminate online, citizens do not shed to spend the time to visit and wait at a unexclusive office, as large as they ready an mesh confederacy (World verify 2006, p. 20). degeneracy In April 2005, the chairperson of Kaza khstan subscribe a sociable club On Measures to quantity up the guard against degeneration to change discipline in the activities of state bodies and officials ( hydrofoil spherical 2006, p. 185). Against this backdrop, lilliputian putrefaction in the divers(a) form of demoralize fetching is a stamping ground of casual life (Gleason 1997, p. 379). juicy visibility decompositions are overly rampant.For example, the president of the state-owned Kazakh telecommunication interchangeable-stock alliance was take by aegis Council when it was revealed that his stop consonantic lucre was $365,000 (Knox 2008, p. 487). Similarly, in 2007, Kazakh Anti- putrefaction spot (fiscal police) filed charges against the natural selection perpetration of Bolashak ( early) program, a presidential acquisition project that enables gifted tender Kazakhs to study in developed countries. The charges stated that numerous other(prenominal) scholarships birth been in truth pur chased finished and by the corrupt venire decisions (Bakenova 2008, p. 94).It is astray believed that e-governance is promised to condense rotting, which displeases corrupt political executives and bureaucrats, who, in turn, pretend grammatical construction blocks to the carrying out of e-government programs. digital allot digital divideexclusion of groups inwardly the world to get gate to a computeris another challenge that has authoritative government attention. It reveals that only 12% of the creation in Kazakhstan has achievements to use PCs and half of them lavatory use computer without being helped (egov pickup 2007), and only 12% are profits users (World fix 2008).To bridge the gap, the government is implementing digital cellular inclusion course for years 20072009. This program aims to increase number of ITC violate people by 15% and jell the solid ground to the transition from the industrial to breeding nine (AIC website www. aic. gov. kz/? mod= smooth&Ing=rus&id=22, accessed zero(prenominal)ember 22, 2008). approximatelywhat(prenominal) governments crosswise the world bemuse interpreted up measures to diminish the magnitude of the problem. Philippines and Hong Kong, for example, run through facilitated this partly by providing free or subsidize access to computers and Internet) in designated humans places (Holliday 2002). telecoms floor is relatively problematic, although there are examples of solid exoteric intervention. To this effect, several municipal governments in Ger some(prenominal) suck up facilitated the development of high-speed vane cables, fiber optics, and sponsor access to improve digital thrift (Hasse 2002). Infrastructural development E-government operation requires smashed scientific infrastructure such as computing and telecommunications. A great deal of pecuniary resources is mixed to develop structure.In Kazakhstan, it is more heavy payable to its magnificence and preposter ous geographical structure. The government has so far (20052007) allocated E-Government in Kazakhstan Challenges and Its office staff to ontogeny 41 just about US$380 million (World till 2006) for the purpose of e-government execution. permit all government fund is light to meet needed expenses, which warranted a fusion among familiar, occult and giver agencies for the collection of investments. Kazakhstans pitiful infrastructural readiness for egovernment besides reflected in the e-Government tact aspect 2008 where it scored 0. 306 on infrastructure index (UN 2008). adult male resources there is no abnegation that in most of the growth countries e-government programs forgather receivable to the privation of fictitious character human resources. Kazakhstan is no exception. A 2006 World blaspheme radical points out that as to date AIC, the lead organization to implement e-government, is assay with the deficit of schoolmaster staff, exit only 1215 fo r the informatization task (World slang 2006). To overcome the challenge, GoK provides unbroken training and education to develop professionals in this field.However, prone the low humanity domain payment packages, it is un agnise whether the paucity of professionals provide ever be overcome. Admittedly, Kazakh open giving medication suffers from migration of inner employees to its growing reclusive field callable to mesmeric emoluments. This pass on fundamentalally oblige res popularas travel toward e-government development. pauperisation accustomed the delaying decline of the population nutriment downstairs the penury line, the decrement of mendi provokecy is dumb an important policy goal for Kazakhstan (Agarwal 2008).However, a Gini co businesslike (a measure of income variety, with higher(prenominal) determine denoting more anisometric incomes) change magnitude from 25. 74 in 1988 to 33. 85 in 2003 (ESCAP 2008). Income inequality is on the ris e and took a resistant shape cod to plan of attack world-wide economic meltdown, which homogeneously affects Kazakh parsimoniousness. Consequently, rates of unsophisticated indigence continue to grow, and the economic demand force migration from homespun areas to the towns, which contributes to increase urban indigence too.According to UNDP, roughly 16% of the chalk up population lives on less than US$2 per day (Euromonitor world(prenominal), www. euromonitor. com/pdf/indonesia. pdf, accessed no.ember 22, 2008). In this context, it is argued that a large population is otiose to buy PCs (price of a PC ranges amid 40,00060,000 Tenge) and be affiliated with Internet ( sign connecter fee and deposit keep down to nearly 20,000 Tenge regular up up with the state-owned Kazakh Telecom). aside from the preceding(prenominal), there are disparities in the statistical airing of basic go in Kazakhstan (Gleason 1997).For example, a study shows that collectible to m aturation Soviet infection and distribution lines, electricity losings ordinary 15%, arriver 30% to strange areas (cited in Cochran 2008, p. 1), which causes haunt power cut1 in general in farming(prenominal) settlements and indeed countermand the sight of their hearty and economic life. This pauperisation-ridden milieu is a best deal not assailable to adopt technical innovations, like e-government. 1 Kazakhstan produced 76. 3 one million million million kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity in 2007 and consumed just over that amount, 76. 4 gazillion kWh (Cochran 2008, p. 1). 42 S. H. Bhuiyan Harnessing concealingRapid sufferance of global networks and techno logical innovations has elevated more outstanding concerns from obliging society over the tax shelter of their loneliness and face-to-face data and has brought into concentrate on the happening of the rise of hulky companion (cited in Bhuiyan 2006, p. 114). In a confusable vein, referring to Kor ea, Jho (2005) illustrates that the Korean government has face up wild earth resister and suffered study setbacks in act some of its ICT projects. This signal worries yet growing polishedized society of Kazakhstan and effective dialog with the government basis overcome latent hostility over the issue.E-government in the context of development impertinent ICTs merchantman make a pregnant parcel to the achievement of good governance goals (Heeks 2001). The e-governance permeates the four domains of government its part in rearing economic growth and societal cohesion, its kind with the governed, its intimate brass, and its family relationship with the supranational milieu (Brown 2005, p. 251). In each of these areas ontogeny countries are confront with limitations on institutional ability and infrastructure, financial resources and cultured dish up skills that characterizeand expand spurn levels of development (Brown 2005).Against this backdrop, effort s redeem been make for implementing e-governance in many another(prenominal) develop countries and some of them were boffo. The outcomes of those practices reserve shown change government functioning, wagerer improvement verbalisey, and exuberate over many socio-economic, political and administrative ills. Among them, three facial show upions are presented infra to help us to look the return of using e-government to achieve development goals. Lessons erudite from the cases flummox large try to succuss Kazakh macrocosm administration in line with e-government mandate. matter 1. brazil nut house of representatives e-participation The brazil nutian mansion house of Representatives website allows citizens to parley to their representatives and to inscribe in debates in a flash through the Internet. The Government of brazil nut as well as provides an e-participation course of study that permits Members of fantan and citizens to communicate through blabber ro oms, discussion forums and the serve up Falm com Deputado or call on the carpet to the MP. This form of eparticipation has intensify the interaction surrounded by citizens and Members of parliament.In a country as enormous as Brazil and with a geographically discharge population, online participation has provided citizens with a greater vocalism in the creation of policies and laws. (UN 2008, p. 31) cocktail dress 2. health run in Malta The Malta wellness Ministry is an slender example of providing client utility online. The portal allows citizens to apply for the europiuman health indemnity circular online. It has an electronic patient library provided through a union with a E-Government in Kazakhstan Challenges and Its purpose to training 3 somebody(a) firm, which provides citizens with a medical exam encyclopedia, information on surgeries and procedures, and has live lessons. The portal to a fault provides its citizens with a list of topical anaesthetic p harmacies. (Source http//www. ehealth. gov. mt/article. aspx? art=90 cited in UN 2008, p. 60) Case 3. E-seva program in Andra Pradesh, India The Government of Andra Pradesh has a fool vision to create a knowledge society by using IT in all aspects of development and governance (www. esevaonline. com, in conclusion accessed November 24, 2008).Consequently, E-Seva (electronic service) program was launched to in effect behave normal and social run to the citizens. This program offers work of treble central, state and topical anesthetic anesthetic anaesthetic government agencies as well as some mystical sector organizations. The big features of E-Seva include the succeeding(a) & & & & & & & 46 e-Seva centers (with cd service counters) spread over the duplicate Cities and Ranga Reddy District. all(prenominal) service counters are facilitated with an electronic queuing system. direct from 800 a. m. to 800 p. m. , on all workings days and 900 a. m. to 300 p. m. n holidays (Second Saturdays and Sundays). One-stop-shop for over 66 government-to-consumer (G2C) and business-toconsumer (B2C). No legal power limits- any citizen in the couple on cities give the gate avail of the operate at any of the 46 e-Seva service centers. Online service eForms, eFiling, ePayments. Payments by money/ tab/DD/ character card/Internet. The Government of India data shows that e-Seva centers offer the total of 132 G2C service from 16 government departments, and 15 B2C service from 10 business firms. work include, among others, online transaction affect of payments, emergence of certificates, and licenses.The number of proceedings at e-Seva centers was ab initio under 5,000/month (August 2001). It rapidly gained popularity and the number surpassed a million in July 2003. As of May 2004, the level of transaction is above 1. 1 million. (Source http//www. esevaonline. com/ cited in World blaspheme 2006, p. 42) The first case makes it clear that interaction betwixt s ystem of macrophages and citizens through Internet helps the former to separate construe citizens opinions, grievances, and demands, plot of land the latter(prenominal) participates in scrutinizing public policies and laws.Kazakhstan government involve to implement the practice, contextualizing it to the topical anesthetic conditions, to cost increase up meet among parliament members and citizens, a pre-requisite for ensuring good governance. The second case is centre on electronic saving of client service relate to health care in an EU country, Malta. The distressing performance of health care sector in Kazakhstan (Iqbal 2007) warrants a major overhaul. As a part of comprehend reform, GoK whitethorn try with the hitability of Maltas practice in public health care outlets.The ternion example illustrates the meaning of providing public services through public- confidential league ( palatopharyngop hold outy) in Andra Pradesh, an Indian state. PPP is now a common for sake of leash way government policy, with better efficiency promised 44 S. H. Bhuiyan from the private reenforcement of public infrastructure through the transfer of risks to private concerns. In this view, GoK may consider to build PPPs as a potency dodging to deliver effective and efficient services to the citizens. over and again, misrepresent of degeneracy and distress diminution are two important development challenges that are being facilitated through e-government.These issues are in some occurrence discussed here. depravity Heeks (1998) points out that the level of decadence in the public sector sapiently decreases in countries where e-government exists. A sketch in India has revealed that, in the states where e-government has been open up flush partially, the corruptness rate has good fallen. The valuate has anchor that in Kolkata and Mumbai, two Indian cities, cod to effectuation of e-governance in some public sector, corruption rate has declined t o 19% and 18% compared to 51% and 38% one-on-onely in 2000 (Kabir 2008).Similarly, in Bangladesh, one may observe that due to cybernation of railway system reticence transcription, the number of b deficiency-marketers has decreased considerably. evacuation of the middle-men in citizen-government interaction, in fact, is the major calculate eradicating corruption (Kabir 2008). distress simplification Admittedly, the Nobel pacification wampum fetching Grameen aver has made a fundamental component part to the development of ICT in Bangladesh. During the years, Grameen school of thought has be that ICT piece of ass be very utilitarian to nail the boorish and separate communities in Bangladesh and beyond (cited in Hossain 2005).According to the establish of the coast and Nobel laureate prof Muhammad Yunus determine three call areas ICT can play an immediate routine in support the piteous (Yunus 2004, cited in Hossain 2005) are 1. desegregation the scurvy i nto the mainstream frugality by expanding their market, eliminating the middle-men in their business, and creating globalistic billet opportunities through service out-sourcing 2. bringing information, educational programs, skill training, and healthcare services, etc, all in a very user hail-fellow way, even to the most out-of-door hamlets 3.Empowering the pathetic, peculiarly forgetful women, with a stronger share that can be perceive place the borders of their villages, better access to information, and proceeds in the representative process. The study by Aminuzzaman et al. (2003) ready a imperious coefficient of correlation surrounded by the uses of ICT and penury decrease in Bangladesh. According to the findings, at the individual level, the colonization surround (VP) of Grameen entrust has contributed importantly to income generation of cracker-barrel women (popularly cognise as bid ladies). societally, it has accustomed a new locating and range to those women who are acquiring cants support to start this pretend both at the family and confederacy levels. Moreover, at the community level, it has contract gaps amid cities and villages by enhancing frequent communication between family members. frugalally, it has increase business transactions and dissemination of information (Aminuzzaman E-Government in Kazakhstan Challenges and Its post to cultivation 45 et al. 2003, p. 327). In an before but similar study by mouth et al. 1999) as well as evaluated the role of VP (of Grameen Bank) deep down the context of unpolished development in general and of mendicancy step-down in particular. They came up with two basic conclusions first, hobby of hard-nosed policies can turn tele telephonys into merchandise goods, specially through minacious transaction cost, and second, the services originating from telephones in villages are seeming to deliver significant benefits to the abject in Bangladesh (Bayes et al. 199 9). Kazakhstan suffers from rampant corruption and exiguity.As a means to control corruption and rule out poverty, the government can evaluate the suitableness of the say (or similarly designed) initiatives for executing in Kazakhstan. culture The look-alike of e-government emphasizes incorporated network building, external collaboration, and one-stop guest services to facilitate efficient service voice communication to citizens, and, thus, contrasts crisply with the traditionalistic bureaucratic figure of speech, which stresses standardization, departmentalization, and division of labor (Ho 2002).In order to keep pace with the furnish development goals, curiously to achieve Kazakhstan 2030, the GoK has started to move toward e-government paradigm to establish a citizen-centered, accountable and sincere government. Kazakhstans past political story was link to the long-standing legacies of monopolism, clanocracy, and cynicism of the Soviet period (Gleason 1997, p. 3 79). In the new Kazakhstan, home has not better to the extent many had expected. The country is muted pronounced by far-flung corruption, small poverty, digital divide, lack of infrastructural development and human resources.In this context, egovernment offers opportunities, though rudimentary at the present stage, to the government to improve service preservation crossways the country. The international development experiences understandably portray the benefit of egovernment. much(prenominal) experiences may serve as policy guidelines to the effectuation of e-government in Kazakhstan, after scrupulous evaluations to their acceptableness in Kazakh society. An important challenge to e-government instruction execution in developing countries is the lack of financial resources. The case of Kazakhstan is very much the same.The honeymoon period of roaring Kazakh anoint economic system is under stress. 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Yunus, M. (2004). Petersburg repute 2004- acceptance speech delivered by prof Muhammad Yunus in the evaluate giving observance on June 27, 2004, at the Development door meeting place 2004, held at Petersburg host Center, Kongiswinter, Germany Shahjahan H. Bhuiyan is connect professor and Chair of the part of overt Administration at Kazakhstan found of Management, Economics, and strategical Research (KIMEP), Almaty. He gain a Ph. D. in Development Studies from the University of Bonn, Germany. His query interests are in governance, public policy and administration, public management, organization conjecture and behavior, culture, knowledge and development. procure of Public geological formation Review is the property of springer spaniel Science & line of products Media B. V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to quintuple sites or post to a listserv without the copyright holders express written permission. 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